<p>The John N. A. Griswold House is a National Historic Landmark on 76 Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island. It is home to the Newport Art Museum and houses an art gallery. The home was built in 1864 by Richard Morris Hunt for John Griswold, an Old China Trade merchant and member of the Griswold Family. The house is one of the earliest American Stick–style buildings and one of Hunt&#39;s first works in Newport. The house is an official project of Save America’s Treasures.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Griswold House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, set on a granite foundation, on a parcel that was landscaped in the early 19th century to a design by the Olmsted Brothers. It has a complex roofline, whose main mansarded section is pierced by numerous gable and dormer sections. The roof is finished with bands of polychrome slate, and is enhanced by chimneys with concrete caps and decorative panels. There are numerous balconies sheltered by deep eaves, with gable ends decorated with applied Stick style woodwork. An expansive veranda wraps around the southern and western sides of the house, with an elaborately-decorated port-cochere on the north side.</p><br>
<p>The exterior Stick style theme of applied woodwork is continued inside, where the public rooms feature extensive woodwork, and richly decorated spaces. A number of rooms are either partially or completely octagonal in shape, including the main hall, the dining room, and the library. The main hall features an elaborately decorated staircase, with a carved griffin statue standing guard at its base.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Richard Morris Hunt and built in 1864 for John Noble Alsop Griswold, a merchant in the China Trade. It was the first of Hunt&#39;s many notable works in Newport, and is considered a prototype work of the Stick style of architecture. Griswold died in the house in 1909; it remained vacant until 1915, when it was acquired by the Art Association of Newport, which now uses it as a museum gallery. The association is one of the oldest organizations of its type in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000, in recognition for its architectural significance and its association with the Art Association of Newport.</p><br>
<p>The Roberts Riverwalk Hotel and Residence Detroit, formerly the Parke-Davis Research Laboratory also once known as Building 55-Detroit Research, is located on Joseph Campau Street at the Detroit River, in Detroit, Michigan. The former research facility was redeveloped as a boutique luxury hotel located on the Detroit International Riverfront. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its historic significance as an early research laboratory.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Parke-Davis moved its facilities to this location along the Detroit River in the 1870s to take advantage of the transportation provided by the river and nearby rail lines. The company eventually built 26 still-extant buildings in the area; the Park-Davis campus as a whole, now known as the Stroh River Place is recognized on the National Register of Historic Places. However, the most significant structure in the group, the Parke-Davis Research Laboratory, is individually recognized as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Research Laboratory was built in 1902 after Parke-Davis relocated the Detroit Boat Club to Belle Isle. The Detroit architectural firm of Donaldson & Meier designed the original building; later additions were designed by Albert Kahn. The building is a three-story brick building measuring approximately 120 by, and is typical example of public architecture of the period.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>This building was the first industrial research laboratory in the USA established for the specific purpose of conducting pharmacological research, inaugurating the commercial pure science approach which has driven the rapid development of pharmaceutical technology.</p><br>
<h2>Later history and current use</h2><br>
<p>The research laboratory was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976. In 1979, Parke-Davis sold its property in Detroit, including the Research Laboratory, to the Stroh family (of Stroh Brewery Company).</p><br>
<p>The complex has been redeveloped for mixed use. The laboratory was eventually remodeled and served as a hotel and residence. National Park Service staff had recommended withdrawal of landmark status in 2002 due to loss of the building&#39;s historic integrity during the conversion.</p><br>
<p>The Roberts Riverwalk Hotel & Residence Detroit opened May 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Durant-Dort Carriage Company Office is a National Historic Landmark owned by General Motors. A late 19th century office building located at 316 West Water Street in Flint, Michigan it was built and occupied by GM&#39;s parent, Durant-Dort, until 1924.</p><br>
<p>This building was the focal point of William C. Durants efforts in building first carriages and then automobiles, and is the only extant building closely associated with Durant. Here pivotal decisions were made in the development and financing of the Buick Motor Company, the beginning of Chevrolet, and Durants founding of General Motors.</p><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The office building is a three-story red-brick rectangular structure, measuring 40 feet by 60 feet, on a brick foundation with a full basement. The windows are sixteen-over-one wood-sash windows in a flat-arched surround.</p><br>
<p>When built it was considered one of the finest office buildings in the country primarily because of the ornate interior. A number of the original interior original features remain, including first floor wainscoting, much of the woodwork and some marble flooring.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The office building was constructed in 1895–96 to house Durant-Dort&#39;s offices and, on the second floor, their carriage showroom. Originally built as a two-story Italianate structure with a flat roof, its flat roof was replaced around 1900 with a hipped roof. An entrance portico was added, giving the structure a Georgian appearance. In 1906 a fire damaged the roof and, rather than repairing it, the company added an extra story and again capped the building with a flat roof. The portico was also removed at that time. This configuration remained until the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>After Dort moved out in 1924 it provided office space for various service organizations such as the Red Cross and the local Chamber of Commerce. In 1947 the Arrowhead Veteran&#39;s Club bought it for its headquarters. Recognising its historic associations the city of Flint purchased it in 1977 with the help of an anonymous $55,000 donation.</p><br>
<h2>National Historic Landmark</h2><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978. Using the designation and the deteriorating condition of the building as an impetus the Genesee County Historical Society undertook the task of restoring the building. Funds were raised, and it was restored to its early 1900s condition with the hipped roof and portico of that time. This restoration was completed by 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Bought by General Motors</h2><br>
<p>GM announced that it would purchase the Durant-Dort office building and nearby Factory One in May 2013. GM will take over responsibility for maintenance from the Flint Historical Foundation. Early reports indicated that the office building is to be restored and used as a showcase for company events.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017, the office building is occupied by the Genesee County Historical Society. General Motors provides finds for the operation and maintenance of the building, and is plans are in the works to conduct tours of the office and the nearby "Factory One," the original factory building associated with the Durant-Dort Carriage Company.</p><br>
<p>The Lucien Boneparte Covell House is a historic house located in the village of Richmond, Illinois, USA. The house is an example of Queen Anne style architecture and was built in 1905. The Covell House was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lucien Boneparte Covell House was built in 1905 for Lucien Boneparte Covell and Anna Moore Covell. The couple lived in the home until they died, in 1923 and 1926. During the 1930s the home was used as a funeral parlor but by the 1960s the house had again returned to single-family use with no additional commercial functions.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Covell House is an example of Late Victorian Queen Anne style architecture detailed with some elements of Colonial Revival. As a typical example of the style the house has a main roof ridge that runs parallel with the side elevations of the building with seven gables crossing it in various manners. Patterned shingles in the bays and in the gables heighten the structure&#39;s surface texturing and a full-width veranda extends along both side walls.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The house is a distinctive example of Late Victorian Queen Anne architecture which embodies the elements of the style. In addition, the house contains several key transitional elements of Colonial Revival. Aside from the stylistic elements, the intact interior detailing and two intact original outbuildings help make the Covell House a significant example of Queen Anne style. The house is distinct from other examples of Queen Anne architecture in Richmond and the surrounding area in its Colonial Revival elements and detailing. These reasons, among others, were cited as justification when the property, including its two outbuildings, was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on January 26, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>The Covell House property includes two separate original outbuildings, a carriage house and a buildings that served three functions, privy, wood shed and chicken coop. Both buildings were constructed concurrently with the house in 1905 and both are considered contributing buildings for the purpose of the National Register of Historic Places listing.</p><br>
<p>The Nightingale–Brown House is a historic house at 357 Benefit Street on College Hill in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. It is home to the John Nicholas Brown Center for Public Humanities and Cultural Heritage at Brown University. The house is architecturally significant as one of the largest surviving wood-frame houses of the 18th century, and is historically significant as the longtime seat  of the Brown family, whose members have been leaders of the Providence civic, social, and business community since the 17th century, and include nationally significant leaders of America&#39;s industrialization in the 19th century. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a large three-story wood frame structure, set on a lot roughly 1 acre in size, built in 1791 for Colonel Joseph Nightingale. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a central projecting section. The center entrance is framed by sidelight windows and topped by an elliptical fanlight window. This framing is one of the earliest known uses of such windows in the United States. The entrance is sheltered by a square porch supported by columns, with a low railing above. Atop the doorway is a Palladian window, whose side windows are topped by dentillated cornices. The projecting section is topped by a triangular pediment, whose deeply recessed tympanum is modillioned and filled with a window. The corners of the projecting section, and of the main and side blocks, are all quoined, and the window surrounds on the first two floors also feature quoined and voussoired surrounds. The main block is covered by a hip roof, with a low balustrade surrounding it. This appearance largely matches the first known image of the house, a drawing made in 1802.</p><br>
<p>In 1814, Nicholas Brown, Jr. purchased the home. His descendants owned the house until the death of Anne S.K. Brown in 1985, at which point it was donated to Brown University. In 1853 John Carter Brown hired Thomas Tefft to design a carriage house for the property, and in 1858 a two-story addition was added to the south side. It is unknown if Tefft was involved in the design of the addition, but it has stylistic similarities to the carriage house.</p><br>
<p>In 1862 Brown hired Richard Upjohn to design a library wing, which was built in 1862–1864 and is northeast of the main block and forms a courtyard with the carriage house. This addition, like the earlier one, repeats stylistic elements of the original 1791 structure. Frederick Law Olmsted was hired to design the landscaping for the grounds in 1890; this work is still evident despite modest alterations.</p><br>
<h2>Occupants</h2><br>
<p>Nicholas Brown, Jr. was the son of Nicholas Brown, Sr., a leading Providence merchant. He was a leading industrial developer of the early 19th century, and was such a benefactor of the local college that it was renamed Brown University in his honor. He also served in the state legislature, and cofounded the Providence Athenaeum. John Carter Brown is best known for amassing a large library, now owned by the university and operated as the John Carter Brown Library. Anne S. K. Brown, the last Brown descendant to live in this house, amassed a large collection of military documents and artifacts, which are also now owned by the university.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Vernon House is a historic house at 46 Clarke Street in Newport, Rhode Island. The house is an architecturally distinguished colonial-era house with a construction history probably dating back to the late 17th century, with alterations made in the 18th century, possibly by architect Peter Harrison. During the American Revolutionary War this house served as the headquarters of the Comte de Rochambeau, commander of the French forces stationed in Newport 1780-83. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Vernon House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof topped by a low balustrade. The front and sides of the roof are pierced by dormers; those on the front have segmented-arch pediments, while those on the sides are gabled. Two brick chimneys rise from the interior of the house. The house is five bays wide and four deep, with its entry centered on the main facade. The doorway is flanked by fluted pilasters and topped by an entablature and modillioned cornice, a treatment repeated in simpler form on the secondary entry at the rear. The exterior is clad in rusticated wood coursing carved, treated, and painted to resemble ashlar stone. This emulation extends to the keystone-like lintels above the windows of the first floor on the main facade, and in a simulated belt course between the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>The interior is roughly as it was after alterations made in 1759, with a central hall and two rooms on either side. The central hall has elegant woodwork, with an arch supported by large consoles, paneled wainscoting, and a dentillated cornice, details which are echoed in the second floor hall. The public downstairs rooms feature similar woodwork, with elaborate mantelpieces. The plasterwork in the northwest room feature a period mural, depicting the Chinese court punishments and the Buddhist cycle of hell. The second-story room was documented in 1879 to have artwork depicting the West Indies on its walls, but this work has been lost.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings appearance is due to an extensive alteration to an older structure in 1759, and represents the finest rendition of academic Georgian architecture in the city. The older structure, based on architectural evidence, is surmised to have been built around the turn of the 18th century. William Gibbs, a painter, is documented to have owned the house in 1708, and it remained in his family until 1744. In 1759 Charles Bowler sold the property to his son Metcalf, a merchant and justice of the colonial supreme court. The enlargement of the original building to its present size was probably done shortly after the younger Bowlers purchase. Bowler, who is best known for being revealed as a British spy in the 20th century, sold the house in 1773 to another merchant, William Vernon. When French forces arrived at Newport in 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, Vernon offered his house to their commander, the Comte de Rochambeau.</p><br>
<p>The Vernon family retained ownership of the property until 1872. In 1912 it was purchased by a charitable organization to rescue it from demolition, and performed a partial restoration. It served as headquarters of the Family Service Society until 1966, when it was sold into private hands.</p><br>
<p>The house was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The East Dubuque School, also known as the Bell Tower Retirement Community, is a historic Romanesque Revival school building in the Mississippi River city of East Dubuque, Illinois, United States. It was constructed in two sections, one in 1893, the other in 1914 and designed by local architect Thomas Carkeek. The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The East Dubuque School was constructed in two separate sections, the first, in 1893, consisted of a two story rectangular structure and its three story bell tower. The building sits on a limestone foundation and is built from brick of varying shades which give the structure an overall mottled appearance. The second section of the building was constructed in 1914 and consisted of a 36 by 68 ft wing, known as the "east wing".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The East Dubuque School building sits on a prominent bluff overlooking the city of East Dubuque. The building is in the Romanesque Revival style and was designed by a prominent 1890s Dubuque architect, Thomas Carkeek.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The building played a key role in public education in East Dubuque (formerly Dunleith) and has stood as a landmark in the city for more than 100 years. East Dubuque School possesses a high level of architectural integrity and is a good example of a school in Illinois cast in Romanesque Revival style. The USA National Register of Historic Places approved the listing of the East Dubuque School on November 12, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Crescent Park Looff Carousel, also known as Crescent Park Carousel or more officially as Crescent Park Looff Carousel and Shelter Building, is a National Historic Landmark in East Providence, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The hand-carved carousel was built in 1895 by Charles I. D. Looff at Looffs Brooklyn factory and installed at Crescent Park Amusement Park in Riverside, Rhode Island. The rides fifty-foot platform contains sixty-one horses, one camel, two single coaches, and two double chariots. Fifty-six of the horses are jumpers. It is among the finest and least-altered of Looff&#39;s surviving carousels, serving as a showcase for his workmanship.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles I. D. Looff was born in Denmark in 1852 and immigrated to the United States in 1870. He built the first carousel at Coney Island in 1876. From his Brooklyn factory, Looff built many carousels for the East coast and places like the Texas State Fair in Dallas, the Oklahoma State Fair in Oklahoma City, as well as Houston and Fort Worth. In 1905, Looff moved his factory to Crescent Park and used this carousel as a showpiece for customers to select the horses that they wanted on their rides. Most of the figures on this carousel were carved between 1905 and 1910 when Looff moved his factory to Long Beach, California. Of almost fifty carousels that Looff built between 1875 and 1918, this is one of the ten or twelve remaining in operation.</p><br>
<p>When Crescent Park closed in 1977, the City of East Providence kept the carousel off of the auction block after being pressured by local coalitions. The restored ride continues to operate every summer and is controlled by a commission of eighteen bureaucrats who maintain statutory authority over a dynastic managerial and operational staff.</p><br>
<p>The carousel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Rhode Island General Assembly proclaimed the carousel as "the State Jewel of American Folk Art."</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The carousel is housed in one of Looffs classic "hippodrome" buildings with a trademark onion dome. Sunlight floods through multicolored clerestory windows and reflects off of faceted mirrors to create a kaleidoscope effect. The carousel is circled by several rows of wooden benches and a rope fence. Tickets are purchased from a free-standing booth located just inside the entrance and opposite from a small gift and snack stand. Adjacent to this stand is a small exhibit of historical artifacts. Vents at the roofs peak provide natural air circulation. Famously located just under the onion dome atop the center of the carousel machinery is a carved American bald eagle. Managerial offices are located in a pavilion annex opposite the main access road which was formerly Looff&#39;s on-site workshop.</p><br>
<h2>Rides</h2><br>
<p>Rides begin and end when a brass fog bell manufactured by PERKO Inc. is rung. The duration of the ride is determined with the help of a small hourglass affixed to the snare drum cabinet of the band organ. It is one of the only carousels in America where riders can play the ring game by grabbing a brass ring to earn a free ride. After catching the rings, riders throw them into the cut-out mouth of a clown face painted on a large canvas. Originally, the ride was powered by steam from the park&#39;s steam plant. The carousel is currently operated by an electric motor.</p><br>
<h2>Band urgan</h2><br>
<p>An Andreas Ruth und Sohn Style 38 band organ, imported from Waldkirch, Germany, provides music from a Wurlitzer 165 music roll system, which replaced the original German cardboard book music system. At least six cassette volumes of recorded music were previously sold at the carousel and have become rare collector&#39;s items. In response to noise complaints by the carousel operators and visitors, several of the ranks of pipes in the band organ have been disabled to reduce the music volume. In a notable 1995 incident, carved instruments from the facade of the band organ were stolen.</p><br>
<p>The W.E. White Building is a historic commercial building located in downtown Stockton, Illinois, USA. It was constructed in the Queen Anne style in 1897 and designed and built by Peter Schroeder. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The W.E. White Building was constructed in 1897, one of many commercial structures erected following a devastating fire in downtown Stockton, Illinois. After the 1896 fire, William and Mary ORourke erected a wood-frame dry goods store at the location of the White Building. Mary ORourke soon became postmaster and the store Stocktons first post office. In August 1897 a small piece of the downtown lot owned by the ORourkes was sold to Wilbur E. White for US$3,500. White moved the old post office and dry goods store to the lots rear and hired Peter Schroeder, a local architect and builder, to design and erect the W.E. White Building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The W.E. White Building is an example of late 19th century Queen Anne commercial architecture. The red brick building is 25 feet wide by 90 feet long and sits on the northwest corner of Front and Main Street in downtown Stockton. Its main entrance sits diagonally on the building&#39;s southeast corner. Multiple elements of Queen Anne style are present on the White Building they include: a projecting cone shaped turret, metal wrapped oriel bay, decorative pediments, a cannonball finial. The building also displays a shift toward Classical influences in its garland swags, classical columns and acanthus leaves.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The late 19th century Queen Anne White Building exemplifies an era of optimism in Stockton as the city strove to rebuild after a destructive fire in 1896. The building is a prominent landmark in downtown Stockton; its architectural features allow it to stand out as one of the most decorative downtown buildings in Stockton. The W.E. White Building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Old York Gaol is a former colonial prison at Lindsay Road and Main Street  in York, Maine. Its oldest portion dating to about 1720, it is one of the oldest prison buildings in the United States, and one of the oldest public buildings in the state of Maine. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968. It is owned by the Museums of Old York and is open for tours between May and October.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The gaol is a largely wood frame structure that has had a long evolutionary history of growth and change, and presently appears as a 1-1/2 story gambrel-roofed structure that is partial clapboarded, with sections of stone wall. The oldest portion of the building, dating to 1719 or 1720, is a stone cell block containing a single cell, with stone walls 2.5 ft thick lined on the inside with oak planking. About 1736 several first-floor chambers were added, including a kitchen, dining room, and parlor space that has a folding partition wall (added late in the 19th century), so that it be divided into two separate rooms. In c. 1763 the second floor was added, with three cells and a central chamber. One of the cells, surmised to be intended for use as a debtors cell or wardens room, is of noticeably finer quality. Arount the turn of the 19th century a second stone cell was added to the first floor, along with an extension including a dining room, parlor, and bedchamber for the warden.</p><br>
<p>The original portion of the jail was constructed using timbers from the earlier York jail built in 1656.</p><br>
<p>Southern Pacific Railroad Depot in Whittier, California is a train depot built in 1892 that is being preserved by the City of Whittier to house a railroad museum and community center. The depot is a rectangular two-story, wood frame building. The station agent lived in the second floor apartment.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s the growth of Whittier caused the Southern Pacific Railroad to build a branch line from its main line in Santa Fe Springs, California. The depot was originally built at 11825 Bailey Street. The branch served local citrus packing houses and a gas works. In the early 1900s, the Pacific Electric Railway built a branch line that paralleled the Southern Pacific track.</p><br>
<p>With the arrival of the automobile, passenger traffic on the Pacific Electric decreased, and in 1938 the Pacific Electric ceased service to Whittier. The Southern Pacific then abandoned its tracks and took over the Pacific Electric tracks and extended them to the station. The Southern Pacific continued providing freight train service to Whittier until 1967. From 1967 until the mid-1980s, the Southern Pacific Depot was occupied by various industrial tenants.</p><br>
<p>On July 1, 1978 the depot was first listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In the mid-1980s, plans began to develop for the restoration and preservation of the depot. The City took possession of the depot and after several years of neglect, the City received a $1.2 million grant to restore and reuse the depot. The depot was ultimately moved to 7333 Greenleaf Ave., near the Uptown Business District. Because of the move, the depot wes removed from the National Register on October 1, 2004. The depot was subsequently relisted at its present location on March 29, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Formerly known as “The Old Ranch House”, the Jonathan Bailey House is a historic site in Whittier, California. The Bailey House was built around 1868-1869 by Jacob Gerkens. In 1887, the house was occupied by Jonathan Bailey and his wife, Rebecca. It is the oldest remaining building in Whittier. The first “Friends” meetings in the area were held on the front porch of the Bailey House. In 1975, the Jonathan Bailey House was deeded to the city of Whittier and now operates as a museum by the Whittier Historical Society with maintenance by the City of Whittier Park Department with special help from volunteers. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Jonathan Bailey</h2><br>
<p>Jonathan Bailey was born in Prince George County, Virginia, in 1819. When just a boy, the Bailey family relocated to Ohio along with many other Quaker families. As an adult, Jonathan Bailey married Rebecca Frazier, owned a successful mill, was a farmer, became a church and community leader, and at the age of 68, he and his wife moved to Whittier, California. The first permanent settlers and original native people of Whittier where actually the Tongva tribe. The Tongva (/ˈtɒŋvə/ tong-və) are Native Americans who inhabited the Los Angeles Basin and the Southern Channel Islands, an area covering approximately 4,000 square miles (10,000 square kilometers). ,</p><br>
<p>The Townsend Home is a historic house located about 3 miles  from Stockton, Illinois, in Jo Daviess County. It is a fine example of an Upright and Wing style house with Greek Revival detailing and was completed in 1856. The house was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Townsend Home was built from 1851&ndash;56 on an 800 acre farm north of the village of Stockton, Illinois along Canyon Park Road, a road that formerly serviced the small, now defunct, community of Millville. The home was built by George Townsend, a New Yorker who came to the Illinois in 1826. Townsend began construction on his home after returning from two years in the California during the Gold Rush.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is constructed from limestone quarried on the Townsend farm. The designer of the house is unknown, as it is unknown if George Townsend had access to either architectural pattern books or a "master carpenter". It is entirely possible that Townsend himself designed the house. The Townsend Home, like many Upright and Wing houses, features characteristics of Greek Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The house is a fine example of the New England Upright and Wing with Greek Revival details. The style came to the area as settlers moved west from New York and New England. The house pre-dates the 1880s village of Stockton, which is 3 miles (4.8 km) away, and the home has a long association with one of the area&#39;s earliest families. The Townsend Home has remained in the Townsend family for at least six generations. The Townsend Home was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Plano Hotel is a 19th-century hotel building located in Plano, Illinois, United States. It was built in 1868 by John K. Smith and reflects the Italianate architectural style. In 1993, the building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land the hotel was built on was owned by three men, Cornelius Henning, John Hollister, and Marcus Steward whom were the owners of the original plat of Plano. On February 5, 1868 the land was deeded to John K. Smith. The hotel was constructed later in 1868 by Smith. Plano Hotel operated as a hotel until the 1940s when the building was converted for use as apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is of the Italianate architectural style. The two story brick structure has a full basement and 25 rooms. Both the front and sides of the building feature arched windows. The building is located at the corner of Main and West Streets in Plano within the downtown commercial district.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>Plano Hotel is one of the oldest buildings in Plano and it remains much the same as when it was originally constructed. The hotel is the only surviving hotel from the period during the 19th century when Plano experienced railroad related growth. Providing lodging to travelers and guests to the city of Plano, the Plano Hotel played a significant role in the early commerce of Plano.</p><br>
<p>The Howland Cobblestone Store, also known as the Howland Stone Store Museum, is a 19th-century store significant for its cobblestone architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. That process has since been completed.</p><br>
<p>The store was originally owned by Slocum Howland, a Quaker, an abolitionist, a prohibitionist and a suffragist. Among the things sold in his store was the cast iron plow invented locally by his brother-in-law Jethro Wood.</p><br>
<p>Cobblestone architecture was developed in New York State to a high degree. A survey identified 660 cobblestone structures in 21 New York counties. There may be approximately 300 elsewhere in the United States, concentrated in Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, and Vermont.</p><br>
<p>Sembiyankandiyur is an archaeological site in Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological excavations</h2><br>
<h3>Excavations in 2006</h3><br>
<p>In early 2006, a polished Neolithic celt (tool) that had engravings resembling the Indus script was found by a school teacher V. Shanmuganathan. The celt, a polished hand-held stone axe, has four Indus Valley signs on it. The artefact with the script was dated to 1500 B.C.</p><br>
<p>The four signs were identified by epigraphists of the Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology, according to its Special Commissioner, T. S. Sridhar. Iravatham Mahadevan, one of the world&#39;s foremost experts on the Indus script, believed that this discovery was very strong evidence that the Neolithic people of Tamil Nadu and the Indus Valley people "shared the same language, which can only be Dravidian and not Indo-Aryan." He added that before this discovery, the southernmost occurrence of the Indus script was at Daimabad, Maharashtra on the Pravara River in the Godavari Valley. The possibility of the celt coming from North India was also ruled out as the material of this stone was of peninsular origin.</p><br>
<p>Suggestions that the Indus script were used to record a language are disputed. It is not clear if these symbols constitute a script used to record a language, and the subject of whether the Indus symbols were a writing system is controversial. In spite of many attempts at decipherment, it is undeciphered, and no underlying language has been identified. There is no known bilingual inscription. The script does not show any significant changes over time.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of this celt caused a stir in archaeological circles. Subsequently, the Archaeological Survey of India decided to excavate the Sembiyankandiyur site to find out its antiquity and fix the chronology.</p><br>
<p>Four trenches were laid at the place where the celt with the engravings were found. Important findings from the trenches were bowls, dishes, broken urns, full-size urns and other articles. Eight urns were found to be aligned in a particular manner, three of them with human bones. Some urns had ritual pots inside. Some pots and sherds have thumb-nail impressions on them.</p><br>
<p>Full-shape pots had the graffiti depicting a fish, a ‘damaru’, sun, star and a swastika. Geometric designs and marks depicting fish, sun and star and graffiti marks are often found on black-and-red ware and black ware, with the symbols sometimes repeated.</p><br>
<h3>Excavations in 2008</h3><br>
<p>During excavations by the ASI in April-May 2008, megalithic pottery with graffiti symbols that have a strong resemblance to a sign in the Indus script were found.</p><br>
<p>Iravatham Mahadevan says that what is striking about the arrow-mark graffiti on the megalithic pottery found at Sembiyankandiyur and Melaperumpallam villages is that they are always incised twice and together, just as they are in the Indus script.</p><br>
<p>ASI had previously found several pots at Melaperumpallam near Poompuhar during an excavation. Some of these had the same arrow-like symbol occurring twice on them, and always adjacent to each other.</p><br>
<p>According to Mr. Mahadevan, seals unearthed at Mohenjodaro (now in Pakistan) in the 1920s have similar arrow-like signs that also occur twice and always together. There are several seals with the Indus script and engravings of a bull or a unicorn where the arrow-like sign always occurs in pairs.</p><br>
<p>While the megalithic/Iron Age pottery in Tamil Nadu is datable between the third century B.C. and third century A.D., the Indus script belongs to the period 2600 B.C. to 1900 B.C. of the mature Harappan period.</p><br>
<p>The Col. Frank J. Hecker House is a historic home that was built in 1888. It is located at 5510 Woodward Avenue  in Midtown Detroit, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1958.</p><br>
<h2>Colonel Frank J. Hecker</h2><br>
<p>Frank J. Hecker was born in Freedom, Michigan, in 1846. He joined the Union Army at age 18, After the conclusion of the Civil War, he hired on as an agent for the Union Pacific Railroad. Using this experience, he later organized the Peninsular Car Company (with Charles Lang Freer, whose home is next to Hecker&#39;s) in Detroit, making his fortune in the railroad supply business. Hecker served in the Army again in the Spanish–American War, where he was in charge of transporting Spanish prisoners. This service brought him to the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt, who in 1904 appointed Hecker to the Panama Canal Commission. Hecker also served as Detroit Police Commissioner, organized several banks in the midwest, and sat on the boards of the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling Mills, Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and the Detroit Lumber Company.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>In 1888, Hecker hired the short lived architectural firm of Scott, Kamper & Scott and began construction of the mansion on Woodward Avenue, at the corner of Ferry. The house, with 21,000 ft&sup2, is an imposing example of French Châteauesque style based on the Château de Chenonceaux near Tours, France. Hecker used his home to host elaborate parties, where he entertained luminaries such as presidents William McKinley and Rutherford B. Hayes.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the home has large turrets at the corners, and Flemish dormers in the steep hip roof. Several bays project from the main body of the home, and wrapped around the whole is a balustraded, colonnaded loggia. A carriage house in the rear is clearly visible from Woodward. At one point, this structure was converted into a concert hall capable of seating 200.</p><br>
<p>The interior has 49 rooms, including a large oak-paneled hall designed for large parties, an oval dining room done in mahogany, a lobby done in English oak, and a white and gold music room. The fireplaces were constructed of Egyptian Nubian marble, and onyx and Italian Siena marble were used in the vestibules.</p><br>
<h2>Later use</h2><br>
<p>Hecker lived in the home until his death in 1927. For the next twenty years, the home was owned by the Hecker family, but operated as a boarding house for single college students.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, the mansion was sold to Paul Smiley of the Smiley Brothers Music Company, who used it for musical instruction and practice, as well as a sales office. During this time, both the Detroit Chamber Music Workshop and Women&#39;s Symphony started on the premises.</p><br>
<p>When Smiley died in 1990, the building was sold to Charfoos & Christensen, P.C., a law firm. The firm rehabilitated the mansion, and it served as their law offices until 2014. The mansion has also served as the Royal Danish Consulate in Detroit.</p><br>
<p>In September 2014, Wayne State University purchased the house for $2.3 million. The university intends to have its Alumni Relations Department staff there and use the building for alumni-related activities.</p><br>
<p>Whiteoak Creek Falls, is a waterfall in the Pisgah National Forest, in North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The falls is located on Whiteoak Creek, a tributary of the South Toe River, which itself is a tributary of the French Broad River.</p><br>
<h2>Height</h2><br>
<p>There are multiple cascades, slides and drops. The largest single drop is probably only around 20 but taken as a whole the entire section probably covers 80+</p><br>
<h2>Visiting the Falls</h2><br>
<p>From the intersection of the Blue Ridge Parkway and Hwy 80, drive north on Hwy 80. At 2.2 miles is the left hand turn to Roaring Fork and Setrock Creek Falls (South Toe River Rd). Continue past there on Hwy 80, drive just over 5 miles and turn left on White Oak Rd (SR1156). Drive another 1/2 mile or so and turn left on White Oak Creek Rd (SR1157). This road dead ends after another 1.5 miles. Park here and walk up the old logging road and look for some side paths down to the base.</p><br>
<p>As of July 19, 2009, during a recent windstorm, a large tree has fallen into the creek between the lower and upper cascades, meaning you can&#39;t see the upper portion from the lower portion of the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby Falls</h2><br>
<p>Roaring Fork Falls</p><br>
<p>Setrock Creek Falls</p><br>
<p>Mitchell Falls</p><br>
<p>Douglas Falls</p><br>
<p>Walker Falls</p><br>
<p>Crabtree Falls</p><br>
<p>The Clarée is a river in southeastern France, a tributary to the Durance. Its source is in the Cottian Alps, near Mont Thabor and Valloire. It flows for all of its course in the Hautes-Alpes department. Its confluence with the Durance is near the hamlet of Les Alberts not far from the source of the Durance in the ski resort of Montgenevre.</p><br>
<p>The upper reaches of the river are in a military exercise range. This is where the French army from their base in Briançon train in the mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>In the summer the Vallée de la Clarée is visited by cyclists, walkers and horse riders. The river is used for water sports especially in spring as the snow melts. There are sections of white water, which are used by kayaks and white water rafts. There is a dramatic waterfall at Fontcouverte.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>The settlements along the Clarée include:</p><br>
<p>Névache:</p><br>
<p>Plampinet</p><br>
<p>Le Serre</p><br>
<p>Val-des-Prés</p><br>
<p>Le Rosier</p><br>
<p>Les Alberts</p><br>
<p>The Corliss–Carrington House is a National Historic Landmark house at 66 Williams Street in the College Hill neighborhood of Providence, Rhode Island. Built in 1812, it is significant as a high-quality and well-preserved example of a Adamesque-Federal style town house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a large three-story brick structure, trimmed in brownstone. The front facade is five bays wide, with corners trimmed with brownstone quoining. The window bays are also lined with quoining and topped by flat-arch brownstone with keystones. The center three bays of the front facade are sheltered by a two-story porch, supported on the first floor by fluted cast iron Corinthian columns, and on the second by fluted wooden Ionic columns. The main entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by an elliptical fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The interior follows a typical Federal plan, with an expansive central hallway flanked by two rooms on each side. An archway with a leaded fanlight separates the immediate entry area from the spiral staircase that provides access to the second floor. The parlor to the right of the entry is the finest chamber, decorated with original Chinese-style wallpaper and elaborate woodwork, said to be the design of John Holden Greene. The fireplace mantels in this and other first-floor rooms are all Greek Revival replacements.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1810–11 by John Corliss, a prominent Providence businessman, and was originally two stories in height. In 1812 it was purchased by Edward Carrington, who added the third floor and the front porch. The house remained in the Carrington family until 1936, when it was given to the Rhode Island School of Design. It was sold by the school to private owners in 1961, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Coronet, a wooden-hull schooner yacht built in 1885, is one of the oldest and largest schooner yachts in the world.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 131 ft schooner Coronet was designed by William Townsend and built for Rufus T. Bush by the C. & R. Poillon shipyard in Brooklyn. Bush then put forth a $10,000 challenge against any other yacht for a transatlantic race. The ocean race between Coronet and the Caldwell Hart Colt&#39;s yacht Dauntless in March 1887 made Rufus T. Bush and the victorious Coronet famous—the New York Times devoted its entire first page for March 28, 1887 to the story (as seen at left).</p><br>
<p>After winning the 3,000-mile race and the $10,000 purse, Rufus T. Bush decided to sell Coronet and listed the vessel in England for $30,000. Rufus and his son Irving T. Bush then circumnavigated the globe on Coronet in 1888. Coronet was the first registered yacht to cross Cape Horn from East to West. After crossing the Pacific Ocean and stopping in Hawaii, Coronet made port in China, Calcutta, Malta and elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>Coronet was sold before Rufus&#39;s death in 1890 The vessel then passed through six different owners (Arthur E. Bateman, John D. Wing, Arthur Curtiss James, Fred S. Pearson, John I. Waterbury, and Louis Bossert) by 1905. The Coronet circumnavigated the globe several times and was used for a Japanese-American scientific excursion during an eclipse.</p><br>
<p>The Kingdom, a religious organization founded by Frank Sandford, purchased the ship in 1905 for $10,000 and took it around the world on prayer missions, including to Palestine. Coronet took a poorly planned missionary voyage to Africa in 1911 which resulted in six persons on board dying of scurvy. After the voyage, The Kingdom kept the yacht moored at Portland, Maine as well as Gloucester, Massachusetts and owned her until 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The International Yacht Restoration School, in Newport, Rhode Island acquired the boat in the 1995 and began restoring of the vessel. IYRS added Coronet to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. In December 2006, IYRS conveyed title of the boat to the in San Francisco to complete the restoration on IYRS&#39;s campus in Rhode Island, where restoration works started in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Coronet Gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Newport Artillery Company of Newport, Rhode Island was chartered in 1741 by the Rhode Island General Assembly during the reign of King George II of Great Britain. It is the oldest military unit in the United States operating under its original charter, and the company maintains a museum in its historic armory. The Company has served in wars ranging from the French and Indian War to the First World War. Individual members of the Company have served in every war fought by the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Newport Artillery was the first chartered independent unit in the Rhode Island Militia. Unlike most colonial era militia units, which served under officers commissioned by the governor, the Newport Artillery was granted the right to elect its own officers. It also had the privilege of being subject only to the orders of the governor, rather than the appointed officers in the colony&#39;s militia structure.</p><br>
<p>After receiving its charter from the Rhode Island General Assembly during the reign of King George II in 1741, members of the Newport Artillery served in the French and Indian War and was led by elite members of the community. Its first commanding officer was Captain Jahleel Brenton (1691-1767). Captain Brenton was the grandson of Governor William Brenton and the father of Jahleel Brenton, Jr. who became a rear admiral in the Royal Navy.</p><br>
<h2>Post Revolution</h2><br>
<p>During the American Revolution, the British Army occupied Newport for almost three years starting in December 1776. As the members of the Company had divided loyalties, the company became inactive until 1792 when Francis Malbone, who was elected to Congress the same year, asked the Rhode Island General Assembly to recognize the validity of the Company&#39;s 1741 charter. The Assembly found no reason that the charter was invalid and Malbone was elected captain (i.e. commanding officer) of the Company.</p><br>
<h2>19th Century</h2><br>
<p>Members of the company followed Newport native Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry to Put-in-Bay, Ohio and fought at the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813.</p><br>
<p>In 1814, during the War of 1812, the Company was activated and garrisoned Fort Greene in the Point section of Newport. The company was inactivated when the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, was signed in early 1815.</p><br>
<p>During the Dorr War of 1842 to 1843, the Company was one of several militia units to mobilize to suppress the rebellion against the government of Rhode Island. The Artillery Company of Newport volunteered to lead the charge against the Dorr defenses, because of this the unit has the right of line in any parade in Rhode Island to this day.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the Company was mustered into Federal serice as Company F of the 1st Rhode Island Infantry (a.k.a. 1st Rhode Island Detached Militia) in April 1861 under the command of Captain (later Brevet Brigadier General) George W. Tew. It fought at the Battle of Bull Run in July and was mustered out of Federal service in August. Individual members of Company F volunteered for service with other regiments after they were mustered out of service in August 1861.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Company who were unable to serve in Company F were designated as the "Old Guard" and garrisoned Fort Adams guarding the entrance to Newport Harbor from April to May 1861 when the fort became the site of the United States Naval Academy which moved to Newport for fear the Confederates would invade Maryland.</p><br>
<p>In 1862 the Company was activated to provide the guard force at the newly established at Portsmouth Grove, a few miles north of Newport.</p><br>
<p>During the Spanish–American War in 1898 the Company was activated for one week and received training on coast defense guns at Fort Adams so the Company could supplement the fort&#39;s garrison in the event Newport was attacked. A number of members of the Company enlisted in the 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment which served stateside from 1898 to 1899.</p><br>
<h2>Early 20th Century</h2><br>
<p>The Dick Act of 1903 required that state militia units, in order to receive Federal funding and equipment, would have to conform to Federal military regulations in order to be integrated in the National Guard. The Newport Artillery Company, along with several other Rhode Island Militia units, decided to retain the privilege under their charter of electing their own officers and voted not to become a unit of the Rhode Island National Guard.</p><br>
<p>In September 1913 the Company, led by Colonel Frank P. King, went to Put in Bay, Ohio to celebrate the centennial of the Battle of Lake Erie. Unfortunately, many of the Companys members were sickened by food poisoning during the trip. The company purchased historic reproduction uniforms for the occasion. These uniforms became the basis for Companys colonial uniform which is currently worn.</p><br>
<p>As the Company was not part of the National Guard it was not called into Federal service during the First World War. It was, however, called into state service and guarded a railroad bridge connecting the towns of Portsmouth and Tiverton from April to June 1917. A former commander of the company, Colonel Alvin A. Barker, was placed in command of the Rhode Island State Guard (RISG). The RISG was formed to replace National Guard units which had been called into Federal service. the RISG consisted of 16 companies spread throughout the state. The Newport Artillery formed Company F of the RISG. The RISG was disbanded after Rhode Island National Guard units were demobilized following the implementation of the Armistice on November 11, 1918.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>After the First World War, the Company entered a period of slow decline and was not activated during the Second World War. It was rejuvenated in the early 1960s under the leadership of tobacco heir, and Newport resident, Louis Lorillard. Outfitted with Colonial style uniforms and using original cannons, cast by Paul Revere in 1798, the Company began to participate in many military and historic events. During the Bicentennial celebrations in the mid-1970s the Company played a prominent role in many events which included serving as the honor guard to Queen Elizabeth II when she visited Newport in July 1976.</p><br>
<p>Over the next few decades the Company has participated in a number of annual events including the Gaspee Days Parade in Pawtuxet Village, Rhode Island; the Summer Pops Concert in Westerly, Rhode Island and the June Day election ceremony of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts in Boston. The Company traditionally fires a 21 gun salute to the Nation every 4 July at noon at Washington Square in Newport. In 2016 the Company celebrated its 275th Anniversary.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The Newport Artillery is a unit of the Chartered Commands of the Rhode Island Militia, of which it is the senior unit. It officers are elected by its members and commissioned by the Governor of Rhode Island. It is also a member of the, which is composed of military organizations pre-dating 1876. It is currently very active and participates in many ceremonial events each year.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The official name of the Company on its 1741 charter is "The Artillery Company of Town of Newport". In common practice, however, the Company is referred to as the "Artillery Company of Newport", the "Newport Artillery Company" or the "Newport Artillery".</p><br>
<h2>Armory Building and Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Company&#39;s stone and brick armory building, located at 23 Clarke Street in Newport, was constructed in 1835 in the Greek Revival style. The work was overseen by master stonemason Alexander McGregor who came to the United States from Scotland in 1825 to construct Fort Adams in Newport. About 1875 the armory was extended about 50 feet west. It was heavily damaged by a fire in 1906. When the armory was rebuilt later that same year, the second story was added.</p><br>
<p>The armory houses a museum which features an extensive collection of military uniforms from over 50 different nations. The museum also features the uniforms of prominent individuals such as Medal of Honor recipient General David M. Shoup, General Colin Powell, General Creighton Abrams, General William Westmoreland, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Admiral Cameron Winslow, Colonel Katherine Amelia Towle, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, Admiral of the Fleet Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Field Marshal Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, HM King Hussein of Jordan, HRH Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh and HRH Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester.</p><br>
<p>The museum also contains several artillery pieces including four bronze cannons cast for the state of Rhode Island by Paul Revere in 1798 and a portrait of President George Washington by Jane Stuart (daughter of Gilbert Stuart). A letter from President Washington to the Newport Artillery Company is currently on display at the Museum of Newport History.</p><br>
<p>The Newport Artillery&#39;s armory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Henry L. P. Beckwith, Jr. - Historian and genealogist.</p><br>
<p>Henry Y. Cranston - United States representative.</p><br>
<p>Christopher G. Champlin - United States representative and senator.</p><br>
<p>William Hunter (Senator) - United States senator.</p><br>
<p>Francis Malbone - United States Senator.</p><br>
<p>Henry Marchant - Colonial governor and delegate to the Continental Congress.</p><br>
<p>William Vernon - Wealthy merchant and President of the Eastern Naval Board during the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>Brevet Brigadier General</p><br>
<p>Henry E. Turner - Physician, President of the Newport Historical Society and member of the Society of the Cincinnati.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Ward - Colonial governor and delegate to the Continental Congress.</p><br>
<h2>Other Rhode Island historic military commands</h2><br>
<p>Kentish Guards</p><br>
<p>Bristol Train of Artillery</p><br>
<p>Pawtuxet Rangers</p><br>
<p>Warren Federal Blues</p><br>
<p>Gloucester Light Infantry</p><br>
<p>United Train of Artillery</p><br>
<p>Battery B, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery</p><br>
<p>Battery C, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery</p><br>
<p>Zaovine Lake  is an artificial lake in central-west Serbia, on the Tara Mountain. It was created on the Beli Rzav river as a reservoir for the Bajina Bašta II reversible hydro power plant.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Zaovine Lake is located on the southern slopes of the Tara Mountain, in the direction of the Zvijezda mountain, which marks the border between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. It spreads out between the villages of Zaovine to the south-west and Mitrovac, major tourist resort on Tara, to the north-east.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Zaovine Lake was created between 1981 and 83. The Beli Rzav river, one of tributaries of the Rzav river, was dammed with a 125 m high dam and an artificial lake was created as the reservoir for the Bajina Bašta II reversible hydroelectrical power plant (630 MW). It is connected to the Drina river. Vežanje, the central hamlet of the village of Zaovine and which gave name to the lake, was flooded by the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The lake covers an area of 15 km&sup2; and has five branches. When the Drina river has a high water level or during the rainy seasons, water from the Drina is pumped into the Zaovine Lake through an 8 km pipeline. During converse conditions, water runs back from the Zaovine Lake into the Drina, producing electricity by turning the turbines inside the pipeline. There are also five mini-lakes in the area (Spajića, Malo Zaovinsko, etc.) from which the water is also pumped into Zaovine Lake. The road connecting Zaovine and Mitrovac bounds the northern side of the lake. The shores of the lake are seeing increasing numbers of visitors, fishermen and campers as summer houses are being built.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The entire lake lies in the Tara National Park, one of five in Serbia. The lake is surrounded by vast woods as forestation of Tara mountain is 75%. Zaovine is the area where Josif Pančić, a leading Serbian botanist, discovered the endemic Serbian spruce in 1875 on the nearby Kik hill. The hill was destroyed in the early 1980s and material was used for building the dam that created Zaovine Lake. There are over 600 plant species in the area surrounding the lake, of which 15 are protected by law, including the Serbian spurce and edelweiss. Wildlife include chamois and 14 species of fish living in the lake, including nase, rainbow trout, European chub and Danube Roach.</p><br>
<p>The Smithfield Exchange Bank , built in 1822, is located on Putnam Pike in the Greenville area of Smithfield, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1733, Resolved Waterman Jr., a great-grandson of Roger Williams built a tavern to attract business from travelers on this former turnpike road. In 1822 a new owner constructed the present building, the Smithfield Exchange Bank, as an ell attached onto the back of the main tavern building. Another western ell was built onto the tavern, and the two were connected by a cobblestone courtyard. The 1822 bank incorporators were Daniel Winsor (president), Asa Winsor, Stephen Steere, Elisha Steere, Richard Smith, Silas Smith, Nathan B. Sprague, Joseph Mathewson, Dexter Irons, John S. Appleby, and Reuben Mowry. The bank originally provided services to farmers and small businesses throughout northwestern Rhode Island. In 1845 William Winsor became cashier of the institution.</p><br>
<p>In 1856 the Exchange Bank moved next door to a larger brick building. The tavern became a private residence in 1902. The main section of the Waterman Tavern was demolished in 1936 for the construction of USA Route 44, and the ells were altered to stand alone. The former bank ell served as a residence until 1969 for Mrs. Bessie Fish. Other owners included the Evans, Mowry, Whipple, and McLaughlin families, and Cumberland Farms. From 1969 to 2008 the building became greatly dilapidated. In 2000 Cumberland Farms sold the building to the town of Smithfield, and in 2006 it was sold to the Smithfield Preservation Society. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>As of 2009, the Smithfield Preservation Society has been fundraising and attempting to restore the tavern, despite an earlier attempt by the town of Smithfield to condemn and demolish the building because it is perceived as an eyesore by some neighbors.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Smithfield Friends Meeting House, Parsonage and Cemetery, is a Friends Meeting House of the Religious Society of Friends , rebuilt in 1881. It is located at 108 Smithfield Road  in Woonsocket, Rhode Island . The meetinghouse is home to one of the oldest Quaker communities in the region.</p><br>
<p>Rhode Island provided a home to many Quaker refugees in the 17th century, and in the early 18th century a group of "Friends" started this congregation. Their original Meeting House, built in 1719, was connected to a chain of Quaker Meeting Houses that were built along Great Road (near Union Village and Smithfield Road Historic District). It was destroyed by fire in 1881 and replaced by the current structure, a simple wood-frame clapboarded structure with Greek Revival features.</p><br>
<p>The forested area directly to the north of the meeting house is a natural cemetery. Roughly 300 Friends from the 18th and 19th centuries are buried in this land, although only 100 Friends requested a gravestone or marker. The area is not pesticided or mowed. A natural canopy of trees is allowed to grow over the cemetery. Quaker customs frowned on the use and erection of large gravestones or monuments. They also were "advised to avoid all extravagant expenses" with regard to the passing of a loved one. If the family simply had to have a gravestone, a simple one, no more than 15 inches in height above the ground, was allowed. The name, age and date of death of the deceased were all that were to be inscribed upon the stone.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, Smithfield meeting struggled with the issue of abolition of slavery. Some Friends, notably Abby Kelley, may have been actively involved with the smuggling of slaves from Southern ports by ship to Providence, then through northern Rhode Island to Worcester, Massachusetts, and on to Canada. Other, quietist Friends believed in not breaking an earthly government&#39;s law.</p><br>
<p>Smithfield Friends Meeting became a Guerneyite (pastoral) meeting during New England&#39;s schism in the early 19th century. The New England schism ended in 1945. Smithfield continues to be a pastoral meeting, although the practice has become less common among New England Friends.</p><br>
<p>Stanford L&N Railroad Depot, also known as Baughman&#39;s Mill and Stanford Railroad Depot, is a historic train depot located in Stanford, Kentucky. It was built in 1911 and was used by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original station was built in 1866, with the first train arriving at the station on May 17, 1866. It was the culmination of Ambrose Burnsides goal of easier supply transport in central Kentucky. Burnside had preferred the line from Lebanon, Kentucky to go Danville, Kentucky, not Stanford, but compromised with the L&N, which hoped to use the line to eventually connect to the eastern Kentucky coal mines and to Knoxville, Tennessee. Government assistance for building the line to Stanford lasted for only three months of 1863 and 1864, and the railroad had to pay for further development. The rise of coal mining in eastern Kentucky ensured the usefulness of the depot to the citizens of Lincoln County. Due to the first station, Stanfords economy was finally connected to the rest of the states, and the 1870s and 1880s saw major economic expansion.</p><br>
<p>The current building replaced the previous building in 1911, at a cost of $11,939. The depot served as a railroad terminal until July 8, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, because so many small-town depots were being destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Currently the depot is used as a museum, community center, and park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The depot is a rectangular frame building placed upon a gentle slope with a red brick foundation. An office for the Stationmaster is the only extension from the mostly rectangular building. Weatherboarding and narrow tongue-and-groove paneling are used in combination to cover the structure&#39;s outside walls.</p><br>
<p>The roof is gable-on-top red tile. The central ridgeline and roof angles all have ornate red barrel tile.</p><br>
<p>There were several individual rooms within the station. When first built, it had a waiting room for women, one for blacks, and a baggage room, and the Stationmaster&#39;s office among them.</p><br>
<p>A similar depot, the Shelbyville L & N Railroad Depot in Shelbyville, Kentucky, was placed on the National Register in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The James Mangum House is a historic home located near Creedmoor, Wake County, North Carolina. Built in 1838, it is an example of Federal architecture. In November 1974, the James Mangum House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house stands on the eastern shore of Beaverdam Lake in northwestern Wake County, North Carolina. In the 1970s, the USA Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) acquired the house and land for inclusion in the Beaverdam Recreation Area of the Falls Lake State Recreation Area. The house went through extensive rehabilitation as well as an archeological survey of the immediate grounds by the USACE. In 1992, the NC Division of Parks and Recreation took control of the house as part of Beaverdam Recreation Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Referred to by many locals as the Sandling House or Mangum-Sandling House, the James Mangum House is a large, two-story farmhouse, one room deep, with an off-center hall. A one-story section on the north comprises an ell that houses the kitchen. The interior of the house features extensive use of a vernacular Greek Revival-style of woodworking, particularly in the mantel pieces. Architecturally (and perhaps archaeologically) the Mangum House and farmstead represent a significant remnant of the region&#39;s antebellum rural history.</p><br>
<p>In 1874 (some evidence suggests the house was built between 1824 and 1844), Brigadier General James Manuel Mangum (1796–1854) and his wife, Lydia Ferrell Mangum (1790–1874), built the house on Little Beaverdam Creek (present-day Beaverdam Lake, part of the Falls Lake Reservoir Project). It is a two-story farm house that at one time sat on just over 1,000 acre of farmland. It is believed that the house may have been built on land that Lydia inherited from her father, land which became James&#39; property upon their marriage.</p><br>
<p>According to General Mangums last will and testament, all his land and holdings were to be used by his widow, Lydia, and upon her death, to be divided up and sold at auction. Lydia, however, lived for another 20 years, until 1874. The final disposition of the Generals property would not take place until 40 years after his death.</p><br>
<p>A man by the name of Henry Kearney Sandling (1831–1892) bought one tract of land on Beaverdam creek on the north side of the Fishdam Road. Known as the house tract, Henry paid $6.76 per acre ($3751.80) for the land. This tract contained the house and all the other outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Henry fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War. He enlisted as a private in Company I, 55th North Carolina Infantry Regiment on July 14, 1862 at the age of 32. He fought at the Battle of Gettysburg and was wounded on the first day of the battle, July 1, 1863. He was hospitalized and then transferred to a prison at Point Lookout, Maryland. He was paroled on May 27, 1864 and exchanged on April 30, 1863 at City Point, Virginia. Henry was then furloughed May 8, 1864.</p><br>
<p>Henry had been married to Mary Elizabeth Jeffreys (1831–1927) for 20 years when he bought the Mangum house. They had 14 children, and for the next century, these children, their children, and their children in turn occupied the house until it was bought by the USA Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Falls Lake Reservoir Project.</p><br>
<p>As part of her widows dower, Mary Elizabeth Sandling received the house and the house tract on January 31, 1893. According to family legend, sometime in the 1920s Mary had become very hard of hearing. A friend who was visiting one day heard Mary say "I believe I hear thunder." Upon investigating the source of the "thunder," Marys friend found that the west face chimney had partially collapsed. The Masons who repaired the chimney set a plaque into it that reads "M.E. Sandling 1925 J.W.N." Mary occupied the house until her death in 1927.</p><br>
<p>William David Sandling (1867–1931), the son of Henry and Mary, inherited the house. Family tradition holds that Will was a local justice of the peace who often held court sessions in the Mangum house. For more formal hearings, he sat behind a desk in the southeastern corner of the parlor, a first-floor room on the east side of the house. Informal hearings were held on the porch. Will married Zelma Augusta Bailey, the great-granddaughter of General James Mangum. Will lived in the house until his death in 1931.</p><br>
<p>After Wills death, the land on which the house sat was sold to Alvin Turner, a grandson of Henry and Mary. Alvins mother was Anna Sandling (Turner), Henry and Mary&#39;s 9th child.</p><br>
<p>Soon after, the house was turned over to Ben Sandling. Ben was also a grandson of Henry and Mary Sandling (son of Robert Caswell Sandling, 14th child of Henry and Mary). When Ben died, he left the house to his wife, Audrey Bailey Sandling (1920&#39;s to present). Audrey was the last of the Sandling family to live in the house. She still lives in the area and visits the house regularly.</p><br>
<p>Today the house is part of Falls Lake State Recreation Area. It is a private residence that is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Hood–Anderson Farm is a historic home and farm and national historic district located at Eagle Rock, Wake County, North Carolina, a suburb of the state capital Raleigh. The main house was built about 1839, and is an example of transitional Federal / Greek Revival style I-house. It is two stories with a low-pitched hip roof and a rear two-story, hipped-roof ell. The front facade features a large, one-story porch, built in 1917, supported by Tuscan order columns. Also on the property are the contributing combined general store and post office , a one-room dwelling, a two-room tenant/slave house, a barn , a smokehouse, and several other outbuildings and sites including a family cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In April 1999, the Hood–Anderson Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Saint Thomas Episcopal Church is an Episcopal church located at 1 Smith Avenue  in the village of Greenville in Smithfield, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present church, a handsome Gothic Revival stone structure, was designed by a prominent local architect, Thomas Alexander Tefft, and built in 1851 on land donated to the new congregation by Resolved Waterman, a Greenville native and prominent businessman. The congregation was established as an offshoot of St. Stephens Church in Providence, which was attended by Waterman and whose officiant, Rev. James Eames, was Saint Thomas first minister. It is one of a small number of surviving designs by Tefft, who designed as many as 25 Rhode Island churches in his career. The rectory, a modest vernacular Queen Anne structure, was built in 1889. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The current minister is the Rev. Susan Carpenter.</p><br>
<p>The Waterman–Winsor Farm is a historic farm house located at 79 Austin Avenue in the Greenville part of Smithfield, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>One of the first owners of the farm was likely Resolved Waterman (1703-1746), a grandson of Resolved Waterman (1638-1670) and Mery Williams, a daughter of Roger Williams. Waterman acquired 600 acres of farmland surrounding this property, and he also operated a tavern nearby in the center of the village of Greenville to which the historic Smithfield Exchange Bank branch was later attached.</p><br>
<p>The Waterman–Winsor Farm House contains a main part and a rear gambrel ell, which may have been moved to the site from elsewhere. The earliest part of the house may have been constructed in the early eighteenth century as early as 1710, and it may have been the original home of "Colonel Abraham Winsor (1720-1798). The other parts of the building may have been constructed circa 1774-1780 by Capt. Andrew Waterman, Resolved Waterman&#39;s son. In the late nineteenth century, the farm was known as Maplewood Orchard because of the row of seventeen sugar maple trees which William Waterman Winsor planted during the Civil War in 1863 and which still survive today. The farm was the largest apple orchard in the state around the turn of the twentieth century under Thomas Winsor and produced apples for over 100 years into the mid-twentieth century until the surrounding land was sold for suburban developments of ranch houses. The house remained in the Waterman and Winsor families until 1975 when Stanley Winsor sold the Winsor Farm and, all that remained was 1.85 acres of the original 600 acres of land with the house and remaining outbuildings."</p><br>
<p>The 1761 Milestone is a milestone on 640 South Main Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The stone originally marked the junction of a Colonial highway from Great Road and an east-west route from Boston, Massachusetts, to the state of Connecticut. The stone was rediscovered during the installation of an electrical road . In 1898, the stone was reportedly restored to its original location by the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. The stone is embedded in a low retaining wall at the corner of South Main Street and Smithfield Road. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1982, and is historically significant as Colonial-era highway marker.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1761 Milestone is a historic marker that marked the junction of a Colonial highway. In 1761, it was located at the intersection of Great Road, from Providence, Rhode Island, to Mendon, Massachusetts, and an east-west route from Boston, Massachusetts, into Connecticut. Currently, the marker rests near the intersection of South Main Street and Smithfield Road (previously Great Road) and occupies the land designated by the Woonsocket Assessor as plat 4-C, lot 69.</p><br>
<p>The 2 ft by 3 ft marker is described by the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) nomination form as an "odd-shaped piece of grey slate, somewhat broken and effaced..."</p><br>
<p>In 1898, it was reported that the stone was unearthed during the installation of electrical road (likely for a tram) and restored to its original location by the Woonsocket chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Sometime later, the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a bronze plaque on the stone, but it was absent at the time of its nomination in 1982. The marker is currently mortared into a retaining wall at the edge of the sidewalk on 640 South Main Street at the intersection and has been since prior to 1982. As of 2013, a Daughters of the American Revolution plaque is present.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places nomination states the marker is at its original site and is historically important because "his milestone is the only extant Woonsocket property which well recalls this era in the early history of American overland transportation, and it is one of but a handful of such stones surviving in Rhode Island that marks inter-colonial highways." It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1982.</p><br>
<p>Stimson House is a Richardsonian Romanesque mansion in Los Angeles, California, on Figueroa Street north of West Adams. Built in 1891, it was the home of lumber and banking millionaire Thomas Douglas Stimson. During Stimson’s lifetime, the house survived a dynamite attack by a blackmailer in 1896. After Stimson’s death, the house has been occupied by a brewer who reportedly stored wines and other spirits in the basement, a fraternity house that conducted noisy parties , as student housing for Mount St. Mary&#39;s College, and as a convent for the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>A Los Angeles landmark</h3><br>
<p>When Stimson House was built in the 1890s, the Los Angeles Times described it as "the costliest and most beautiful private residence in Los Angeles," a building "admired by all who see it." More than a hundred years later, the Times said: “From the front, the 3-story house resembles a medieval castle, with brick chimneys standing guard like sentries along the roof and an ornate four-story crenelated tower on the northeast corner, a noble rook from a massive chess board." With its $150,000 cost, it was the most expensive house that had been built in Los Angeles at the time.</p><br>
<p>From the day it was built, the 30-room house was a Los Angeles landmark. Neighbors and occupants have referred to it over the years as "the Castle" or the "Red Castle" due to its turret-top walls, four-story tower, and red-stone exterior.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior features</h3><br>
<p>The original occupant, Thomas Douglas Stimson, hired architect H. Carroll Brown, then only 27 years old, to design his new home. Stimson designed the home principally in the Richardsonian Romanesque style, with rough-hewn stone, round headed arches, short columns, rows of arched or rectangular windows and an overall fortress quality. The Richardsonian style was popular in the Upper Midwest in the 1880s, though the style never became popular in Los Angeles. Stimson reportedly wanted his new home to resemble the brick-and-stone mansions of Chicago&#39;s Gold Coast, including the Palmer Mansion. A Los Angeles Times music critic reviewing a chamber music performance at the house in 1989 called its architecture "Midwestern Ivanhoe." With its Gothic tower and other features, the style of the house is not strictly Richardsonian. A Times writer in 1948 noted that the house presents a "puzzling" appearance: "Its architecture reflects the Mission influence, a bit of Byzantine, something Latin and a little Fort Ticonderoga."</p><br>
<p>Brown obtained the distinctive red stones from a quarry in New Mexico and used San Fernando sandstone for the windows, balconies and the tower&#39;s crown trim. The most prominent feature on the house is the four-story Gothic tower. The top of the tower and ridges are crenellated and finished with notched battlements. Other important features include a third floor balcony with a gabled arch and a stepped gable with a Palladian window. A porch with carved stone columns surrounds the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood in which the Stimson House was built became known as "Millionaires Row" in the 1890s, though the size and stone construction of Stimson House set it apart from the wood houses along Millionaires Row.</p><br>
<h3>Interior features</h3><br>
<p>Some have noted the "irony" in a lumber baron’s home being built of stone rather than wood. However, the interior has been described as "a shrine to lumber, a museum of wood, a smorgasbord of timber -- ash, sycamore, birch, mahogany, walnut, gumwood and oak, all shipped from lumber yards in the Midwest." Each room on the first floor is furnished with a different type of wood, and the heavy doors have double thickness, to match the wood of the room on either side. An intricate parquet border is found at the edge of the oak floors throughout the house.</p><br>
<p>Under the first floor there is a basement, "a maze of rooms and arched doorways." There was a room that at one time served as an underground lounge and bar. In another recess there was a wine cellar equipped with an iron door that served as a makeshift jail cell and the scene of many pranks during the house’s later years as a fraternity house. There were also traces of organ pipes that once were installed there.</p><br>
<p>The interior features also included a Diebold safe hidden behind a door in Stimson’s study. The nuns who occupied the house in later years reportedly stored their cleaning supplies in the safe. Stimson reportedly took photographs of his Chicago mansion and hired Carsley and East Manufacturing Co. to duplicate them and ship the finished products to Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Thomas Douglas Stimson</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Douglas Stimson was one of the wealthiest men in Los Angeles. He was known as a self-made man who left his home in Canada at age 14, and worked a trader in Michigan. However, rather than retiring, Stimson became one of the most active members of the Los Angeles business community. He became one of the largest shareholders in the Citizens Banks and was vice president of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, Stimson used the same architect who had built Stimson House (H. Carroll Brown) to build the Stimson Block, a six-story office building at the corner of Spring and Third Streets downtown. The Stimson Block used many of the same architectural features employed in Stimson House, and when it opened in 1893, the Stimson Block was the tallest building in Los Angeles. The Stimson Block was demolished in 1963 to make room for a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>Stimson died at Stimson House in February 1898. His widow, Achsah, lived in the house until she died in 1904.</p><br>
<p>Stimsons son Charles D. Stimson followed his father into the timber industry and was the patriarch of the Seattle-area Stimson family whose other members have included Dorothy Stimson Bullitt and the conservative pundit Charles "Cully" D. Stimson. The Seattle scion also built a notable home, the Stimson-Green mansion on First Hill, and another descendant built a notable house in Capitol Hills Harvard-Belmont Landmark District on the site of Horace C. Henry&#39;s former mansion.</p><br>
<h3>”Dynamite Fiends”</h3><br>
<p>In February 1896, the Stimson House was the target of a bizarre bombing attack. The headline in the Los Angeles Times read, "DYNAMITE FIENDS: An Attempt to Blow Up the Stimson Mansion; The Redstone Walls Resisted the Terrific Explosion." A "stick of giant powder" was placed against the foundation of the house, directly under Stimson’s bedroom. A large hole was torn in the side of the house by the explosion, but the thick foundation wall was not damaged. Reports indicated that a frame house would have been shattered into fragments by the explosion, but the solid stone structure withstood the blast. Two neighbors witnessed the culprit lighting the fire on the dynamite, grabbed their guns, ran across the lawn, and were thrown off their feet by the explosion. On regaining their balance, the neighbors saw a man running away from the scene and fired several shots in his direction, but the man escaped.</p><br>
<p>Initially, there was suspicion that "the plot to blow up the house" was either a robbery attempt or the "dastardly" act of "some Anarchist or enemy of capitalists who took this cowardly method of expressing his hatred for men of wealth, and singled out a man who is reputed to be one of the wealthiest in Los Angeles, and who lives sumptuously as becomes his station."</p><br>
<p>Later that month, private detective Harry Coyne was arrested for the attack. Stimson testified at the preliminary hearing that he had hired Coyne to accompany his son to Mexico the prior month. Shortly after returning from Mexico, Coyne told Stimson that he was in danger from the machinations of a notorious Mexican criminal. Stimson confronted Coyne and told him he suspected the affair to be a blackmailing scheme by Coyne himself. and he was eventually convicted and sentenced to five years at Folsom Prison.</p><br>
<h3>Edward Maier</h3><br>
<p>After Stimson’s wife died in 1904, the house was purchased by a civil engineer named Alfred Solano. In 1918, Edward R. Maier, sportsman and owner of Maier Brewing Co., bought the house, and it served as the Maier family home until 1940. Maier was said to have stored his wines and liqueurs in the labyrinthine basement.</p><br>
<h3>Fraternity Hijinks</h3><br>
<p>In 1940, the Maier family sold the house to USC’s Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity for $20,000 – about 13% of the original cost of construction.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the Pi Kappa Alphas held a reunion at Stimson house, which they had referred to as the "Red Castle." They found the iron-gated wine cellar just as it was when errant pledges (and UCLA prisoners) were locked inside and sprayed with a hose. Memories flowed as the fraternity brothers gathered at the house, one recalling his proposal to his wife on the stairs of the house, and another recalling pelting a pledge with eggs from the same staircase, only to discover that the pledge was allergic to eggs—paramedics had to be called when his eyes swelled closed. One of the returning fraternity members recalled that, as a pledge, he crawled through an air shaft to escape from the catacombs and, covered with soot, appeared at the door of a neighbor asking if he might use the phone—the neighbor being Mrs. Doheny who later bought Stimson House to rid herself of the Pi Kappa Alphas.</p><br>
<h3>Convent for Sisters of St. Joseph</h3><br>
<p>The property behind Stimson House (on Chester Place) was the home of Carrie Estelle Doheny, the widow of wealthy oil man, Edward L. Doheny. Mrs. Doheny had grown up in the neighborhood and had watched as the Stimson House was built. She recalled, "I remember when Mr. Stimson was building this house. When I was just a little girl, my father would take me for a walk on Sunday afternoons, and we’d always walk this way to see how far along the work had progressed."</p><br>
<p>When the fraternity brothers gathered for their reunion in 1996, the Los Angeles Times noted: "What a difference half a century makes. The Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondolet now say their prayers in those wood-paneled rooms where the PiKAs sang: He rambled down to Hades, To see the poor lost souls, Saw a bunch of Kappa Sigs a-roasting on the coals...."</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of St. Joseph operated the house as a convent from 1948 to 1969. From 1969 to 1993, the house was converted to use as housing for students at Mount St. Mary&#39;s College. In the fall of 1993, the sisters returned to Stimson House and resumed using it as a convent.</p><br>
<h3>Earthquake damage</h3><br>
<p>Stimson House suffered substantial damage in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The roof had to be removed after bricks fell through it, and the chimney, parapets and tower were also damaged. The Sisters of St. Joseph had reoccupied the house as a convent in the fall of 1993, but were forced to vacate the property for ten months while repairs were made.</p><br>
<h2>Designation as historic building</h2><br>
<p>The Stimson House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and has also been named a Historic-Cultural Monument (# 212) by the City of Los Angeles. Material prepared for the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission&#39;s review of the Stimson house in 1977 called it "architecturally unique in Los Angeles," "the best example of this period of American architecture in Los Angeles" and "one of the most significant structures in the Los Angeles area."</p><br>
<h2>Use as a filming location</h2><br>
<p>The house has been used as a shooting location in numerous commercials, television shows, and feature films, including:</p><br>
<p>It appeared in the films House II and After Midnight.</p><br>
<p>It appeared in the mini-series Captains and Kings and Testimony of Two Men.</p><br>
<p>It appeared in an episode of The Bionic Woman in which Lindsay Wagner&#39;s double jumped off a second-floor porch. Vincent Price, who appeared in the episode, liked the spooky acoustics of the house and recorded some of his later productions there.</p><br>
<p>It appeared in an episode of Pushing Daisies as a mortuary.</p><br>
<p>The exterior was used during the fifth season of Mad Men as a home for the Francis family.</p><br>
<p>Memorial Hall in Richmond, Illinois, US is a historic public building located in the village&#39;s primary business district. It was constructed in 1907 and has served as a focal point for community government and recreation. In 1993 Richmond Memorial Hall was added to the USA Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Richmond Memorial Hall was built in 1907 with a US$ 10,000 bequest from Charles Dewitt McConnell, grandson of Richmonds first settler, William McConnell. The bequest was filed in McConnells will on September 3, 1903 and by 1905 the village had organized a committee to begin investigating a site to build Memorial Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two story building has a total perimeter of 254 feet and has a full basement. The building has an upper level auditorium, with lobby space, a closet, ticket office, stage and balcony. The ticket office remains in the front foyer, as do the two stairways leading up to the balcony. The gabled roof has asphalt shingles. The orange-yellow brick facade is in good condition but the current metal doors are not original to the building. Fred Arp was the contracted builder used by the village of Richmond in 1907.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The building is locally significant for its association with the Richmond village government as government administrative offices. Memorial Hall has also served a long time entertainment function in Richmond, catering to a variety of groups over the years. Since its construction Memorial Hall has been a focal point and hub of the community in Richmond. On August 19, 1993 Richmond Memorial Hall was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The New Hill Historic District is a national historic district located at New Hill, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in southwestern Wake County. The district encompasses the commercial and residential center and includes 2,820 acre, 59 buildings, and one structure. The district developed between about 1860 and 1950, and includes notable examples of Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival style architecture. Notable buildings include the W. T. Roundy commercial complex, C.J. Bright&#39;s general merchandise store or New Hill Emporium, W. T. Roundy House , Duncan Lashley House , John Bright House , New Hill Baptist Church , Glass-Gardner House , and several farm complexes.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Fairbury City Hall is a historic city hall in Fairbury, Illinois, United States. It was constructed in 1892 with a clock tower that was added in 1912 as a gift from local business owners. The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In September 1888 the city of Fairbury leased land from Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway in order to build a new city hall. The city council then passed building bonds in the amount US$23,060 to erect the new city hall. The Fairbury City Hall was constructed in 1892 at the southeast corner of Locust and Third Streets facing the central business district in Fairbury, Illinois. The city hired Wiggoner Brownson to complete all carpentry work, including the cornice and the roof. The stone and brick masonry work was done by Joseph Stickoffer.</p><br>
<h2>Clock tower</h2><br>
<p>The buildings bell and clock tower was added to its northwest corner in 1912, a donation from local business owners. It features a four-face Seth Thomas clock and large bronze bell. There are double brick arches above all four clock faces on the tower. The clock was formally presented as a gift to the city on January 1, 1913 at a city council meeting by Isaac and J.W. Walton, owners of the local Waltons Department Store.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Fairbury City Hall is a two story rectangular building approximately 29 feet by 60 feet in size. The building was constructed on a corner lot and has its northwest corner, and main entrance, angled toward the intersection of Locust and Third Streets. The building&#39;s roof line features a decorative metal cornice. Fairbury City Hall is considered representative of American city and town halls built during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>Fairbury City Hall has been the center of the citys government activities since its completion and it continues to serve its original purpose. The building accommodated, at one time or another, the city council, the fire department, a justice of the peace and the city clerks office. Many decisions important to Fairbury were made within the city hall building. For its importance to local politics, Fairbury City Hall was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Schubert Theatre is a theater located in Gooding, Idaho, United States. Built in 1920, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The building is a fairly simple two-story two-part commercial block, three bays wide.</p><br>
<p>Sound equipment installed in 1930 allowed for "talkies" to be shown.</p><br>
<p>Many articles in the Gooding County Leader chronicle the history of this theater. Opened in 1921. It was owned by Charmianne and Lonnie Leavell, a local couple who planned to restore the theater and turn it into a cultural center for the community of Gooding; the couple later donated the theatre to a 501 (c)(3) nonprofit, GREAT, Inc. (Gooding Restoration for Entertainment, Arts & Theater).</p><br>
<p>The theatre contains murals.</p><br>
<p>In 2017 it&#39;s status is "closed" according to Cinema Treasures.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas A. Beach House is a historic home located in Fairbury, Illinois, United States. Built in 1872, it is a fine example of Italianate architecture, and has been compared with a landmark example of the style. The house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas A. Beach House was built by Thomas A. Beach in 1872, and he lived in it until he died in 1911. The front half of the house was completed in 1872, the back half of the house in 1886 and a front porch was added c. 1900. Following Beach&#39;s death the house was occupied by his granddaughter, Alma Lewis James, a local author and historian. The house remained in the Beach family until 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas A. Beach House is a two-story brick structure with a basement and central tower. It is a particularly fine example of Italianate architecture and has a number of elements that are hallmark of the style. Besides the central tower, its double bracketed eaves, large overhang at the gutter line, and its long slender windows all exemplify the Italianate style. The homes physical appearance is very similar to its original appearance, besides a garage added to the propertys rear in 1951 there have been no major alterations since the original spate of construction.</p><br>
<p>The Beach House is similar to both the Morse-Libby House in Portland, Maine and the Fugate House in Fairbury. The Fugate House was constructed using the same mason as the Beach House, T.D. George.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural and historic significance</h2><br>
<p>As a fine example of Italianate architecture the Beach House has drawn comparison with what is considered to be a landmark example of the style in the Morse-Libby House. Many of the elements displayed on the Beach House contribute to its fine architectural quality. The house also displays some significant construction techniques, such as its triple thick brick walls with airspaces between them to help provide insulation.</p><br>
<p>The Beach family was important socially and made a number of important political and economic contributions to the history of Fairbury giving the house local historic significance. Thomas Beach was a local banker and was active in municipal and school government. His granddaughter, Alma Lewis James, wrote several genealogical works and a history of Fairbury. The Thomas A. Beach House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1983 for its architectural importance as well as its importantance to Fairbury&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Bellinger River, an open and trained mature wave dominated, barrier estuary, is located in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>Bellinger River rises below Point Lookout within the Great Dividing Range, southeast of Ebor, and flows in a meandering course generally east, joined by four tributaries including Never Never River, before reaching its mouth at the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, east of Urunga. The river descends 1,150 m over its 109 km course.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the Bellinger River are contained within the Bellinger River National Park and the New England National Park. Other land uses in the valley include livestock grazing and forestry.</p><br>
<p>Waterfall Way is located adjacent to the middle reaches of the Bellinger River; and towards its mouth, the river is transversed by the Pacific Highway, near Raleigh.</p><br>
<p>A rare Australian turtle, the Emydura macquarii (or the Bellinger River freshwater turtle), has a restricted distribution in the upper Bellinger River above Thora.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Clement Hodgkinson was the first European to explore the area in March 1841.</p><br>
<p>The San Marco Pass  is a mountain pass that links Val Brembana with Valtellina in the Bergamo Alps.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 16th century, the city of Bergamo and its surrounding areas were part of the Republic of Venice and Valtellina was part of the Grisons. In the late years of the century the Republic of Venice decided to build a new road, that without crossing the Duchy of Milan, can create a new road ties between the Grisons and the Republic. So the paved road of San Marco Pass was built. Close to the pass at 1830 m above the sea level there is Ca San Marco a house also built in the late 16th century to provide care to the travelers during winter time.</p><br>
<p>In the years after the World War II a new road has been built. The Giro d&#39;Italia climbs San Marco Pass during the 2007 edition.</p><br>
<p>The Ramsdell Theatre is a historic playhouse and opera house located at 101 Maple Street in downtown Manistee, Michigan, built in 1902 - 1903 by local lawyer and philanthropist Thomas Jefferson Ramsdell.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is a classic Colonial design of red brick with six large columns supporting the portico over the main entrance to the theatre. The Ramsdell Theatre and the adjoining assembly hall called Ramsdell Great Hall are distinct buildings from each other, although built at the same time. Solon Spencer Beman, the prominent Chicago architect and builder of Pullman, was contracted by Ramsdell to design and build the community cultural center.</p><br>
<p>The theatre features a double balcony upstairs and private viewing boxes along the main floor. Its original seating capacity was 1200, however has been cut back to 462 today for fire safety. It has four boxes, two on each side of the stage end and two in the lower balcony. The building has a hipped roof, denticulated modillion cornice, pedimented center pavilion, portico Doric columns, round arched entrance, ornamental brick panels, and dome murals. The most striking feature of the green and gold interior is the horseshoe balcony supported by numerous pillars which extend to the tin plated ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The theatre was comparable to the best opera and vaudeville houses in the country at the turn of the century when it was constructed. The stage measures 34 ft deep and 60 ft wide. The gilded proscenium arch is 26 ft wide. The gridiron is 70 ft above the stage while the two fly galleries are almost 30 ft about the stage. In addition, there is a paint gallery that is 34 ft above the stage floor. This enables artists to paint scenery cloths while viewing them vertically. The theatre was proclaimed "acoustically perfect" when it was built.</p><br>
<p>The interior decoration was completed by some very famous artists in their own right. The famed theatrical artist Walter Burridge, scenic artist who painted sets for The Wizard of Oz, painted the front drop curtain entitled A Grove Near Athens that is still being put in use today. Frederic Winthrop Ramsdell, Ramsdell’s son painted the two lunettes in the lobby.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Construction began on the building in 1901 after the two previous Manistee opera houses were destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>The early years after preopening in the later part of 1902 with a ball by the Manistee Retail Clerk’s Union were quite impressive. It showed that the arts were accepted in this small lumber lawless town. It officially opened on September 4, 1903, with the performance of A Chinese Honeymoon.</p><br>
<p>Twenty-five more plays were performed in 1903 with a record 53 plays presented in 1904. Ramsdell leased the theatre to the Western theatre Association of Chicago in 1909 which was terminated in 1912. The plays and shows averaged around 40 each year while they were in production.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>Ramsdell died in 1917. The theatre was purchased for $25,000 from his estate in 1925 by the Manistee Rotarians. It was then turned into a movie theatre house for five years that ran out of date movies. In 1936 it was leased to the Butterfield Theatre chain that ran first run movies.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, the Manistee Civic Players were formed and secured permission from the Butterfield Theatre chain for the use of the Ramsdell for rehearsals. They performed two productions each year. Their first production was The Night of January 16th which was performed on September 14, 1939. The Civic Players performed four more plays between 1939 and 1941.</p><br>
<p>The Manistee Rotarians in 1941 proposed to the City that they purchase the theatre and hall for $3000 per year. This was to go over a twelve-year period. There was a need for armory space for the Michigan State Troops. At the end of this period, the City would acquire the property and save thousands in rental costs for a facility for the troops. The Manistee Recreation Association was established in 1942 to provide for youth activities in the community. They were allowed to occupy part of the space of the hall from time to time.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the activity of the Civic Players dwindled to nothing. There were no theatrical productions for nine years. In this time there was much damage to the buildings due to lack of maintenance. In 1949, a group of women’s clubs (Lakeside Club, Junior Lakeside Club, and Business and Professional Women’s Club) formed the Civic Betterment Committee. The main objective was to restore the Ramsdell Theatre back to its original heyday.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, the Manistee Drama Festival was formed. It opened with Ruth Gordon’s Over 21. The second production was George Washington Slept Here which cast local players. By this time a number of restoration objectives were accomplished by the profits from these productions. In the second season of the Manistee Drama Festival, a person by the name of Dr. Madge Skelly was engaged to direct most of the season’s plays. In 1953 the city of Manistee purchased the theatre and hall. Dr. Skelly then completely assumed the direction of the Manistee Summer Theatre. She had this position and was responsible for the Manistee Drama Festival until 1961.</p><br>
<p>In 1953 a young black aspiring actor by the name of James Earl Jones had his beginnings here. In this year he started as a stage carpenter. In the 1955 through the 1957 summer seasons he was an actor and stage manager. His first portrayal of Shakespeare’s Othello was on stage in this theatre in 1955. He has returned twice for fundraising.</p><br>
<p>The Manistee Civic Players began producing approximately four shows each year after 1963. At least one of them each year has been a musical production.</p><br>
<h2>Historical Marker</h2><br>
<p>There is a Historical Marker placed at the front entrance of the theatre that reads:</p><br>
<p>Zedekiahs Cave — also called Solomons Quarries — is a 5 acre underground meleke limestone quarry that runs the length of five city blocks under the Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. It was carved over a period of several thousand years and is a remnant of the largest quarry in Jerusalem, stretching from Jeremiah&#39;s Grotto and the Garden Tomb to the walls of the Old City. The cave has great importance to Freemasons.</p><br>
<p>The cave is open to the public Sunday through Thursday for a small admission fee and there are guided tours.</p><br>
<h2>Names</h2><br>
<p>In addition to Zedekiahs Cave and Solomons Quarries, this site has been called Zedekiahs Grotto, Suleimans Cave, the Royal Caverns (or Royal Caves or Royal Quarries), and Korah&#39;s Cave. The Arabic name Migharat al-Kitan (or "Cotton Cave"), has also been used; the cavern is thought to have been once used as a storage place for cotton.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The entrance to Zedekiahs Cave is just beneath the Old City wall, between the Damascus and Herod Gates, about 500 ft east of the former. Beyond the narrow entrance, the cave slopes down into a vast 300-foot-long auditorium-like chamber. Drops of water, known as “Zedekiahs tears”, trickle through the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the “auditorium” are a series of artificial galleries hewn by ancient stonecutters into chaotic, sometimes bizarre, patterns and formations. Paths give access to every corner of the quarry system, which takes at least 30 minutes to explore thoroughly. Chisel marks are visible in many sections and in some galleries huge, nearly finished building blocks destined for some long-ago structure are locked into the rock where the stonecutters left them centuries ago. In a few places the stones are marked by Arabic, Greek, Armenian and English charcoal and engraved graffiti (e.g., "W. E. Blackstone Jan. 1889"). Several plaques explaining some of the myriad legends associated with the site have been mounted on the cave walls.</p><br>
<p>From entrance to the farthest point, the cave extends about 650 ft. Its maximum width is about 330 ft and its depth is generally about 30 ft below the street level of the Muslim Quarter, although there are several lower levels and blocked tunnels too.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Only the mouth of Zedekiah&#39;s Cave is a natural phenomenon. The interior of the cavern was carved by slaves and laborers over a period of several thousand years.</p><br>
<p>Herod the Great used the main quarry at Zedekiah&#39;s Cave for building blocks in the renovation of the Temple and its retaining walls, including what is known today as the Western (Wailing) Wall. Stone from the quarry may also have been used for the building projects of Herod Agrippa I. The subterranean quarry would have been usable in all seasons and any weather.</p><br>
<p>The Roman Jewish historian Flavius Josephus writes about the "Royal Caverns" of the Old City, which may have been a reference to Zedekiah&#39;s Cave.</p><br>
<p>The midrash Numbers Rabbah mentions the cave: "One who observed the Sabbath in a cave, even though it be like the cave of Zedekiah, which was eighteen miles long, may walk through the whole of it...".</p><br>
<p>Suleiman the Magnificent (1494–1566), the Ottoman sultan who built the present walls around the Old City, also apparently mined the quarry, ultimately sealing it up around 1540 because of security concerns. In 1854 the American missionary James Turner Barclay followed rumors of an underground cavern near the Damascus Gate, and, apparently with the help of his dog, discovered the entrance. Barclay and his two sons returned secretly at night and explored the cave.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, A Jewish archeologist Dan Avadan uncovered a crude carving of a cherub in a small niche in the cave. It had two long narrow wings that opened like a pair of scissors, a curled tail and a bearded human head under a conical headdress. (The site is now marked by a plaque.) As cherubs were a popular Old Testament motif (especially famous are the two giant cherubs flanking the Holy Ark in Solomon&#39;s Temple), the cherub graffiti has been advanced as evidence that the quarry dates from the time of Solomon.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1880s, the cave was occupied by a German religious sect that was eventually evacuated by the German Consul in Jerusalem after many of the group fell ill from living in the damp, unsanitary conditions.</p><br>
<p>Minor quarrying occurred in 1907 when stone was obtained to be used in the Turkish clock tower over the Jaffa Gate. Otherwise, the site was not frequented again until the 1920s, when it began to be something of a tourist attraction. In the late 20th century, the East Jerusalem Development Corporation carried out restorations of the cave. In the mid-1980s, The Jerusalem Foundation built paths and installed lights throughout the cavern, facilitating tourist access.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, a resident of East Jerusalem contacted the Israeli Ministry of Finance with a claim that, during the Ottoman period, his grandfather had buried three cases of gold in Zedekiah&#39;s Cave. He claimed he could show officials where the treasure was buried in return for 25% of the gold. The Ministry agreed, but, according to The Jerusalem Post, after digging a deep hole no gold was found.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological examination</h2><br>
<p>The first excavations ever made in the cave were conducted in 2000 and 2002 for the purpose of determining the periods of use. The wall generally attributed to the Ottoman era was found to have been constructed earlier, in the Mamluk period (13th century).</p><br>
<h2>Religious associations and legends</h2><br>
<p>The most revered legend about the cave is that it served as the quarry for King Solomon’s First Temple. However, there is no historical or archeological evidence to support this. (The meleke limestone of the quarry – which is strong, well suited to carving, and resistant to erosion – is thought to have been used for royal buildings. The name meleke is derived from Hebrew and Arabic words meaning “kingly” or “royal”.)</p><br>
<p>Writing in the 10th century A.D., Muslim geographer and writer Al-Mukaddasi said: "There is at Jerusalem, outside the city, a huge cavern. According to what I have heard from learned men, and also have read in books, it leads into the place where lie the people slain by Moses. But there is no surety in this, for apparently it is but a stone quarry, with passages leading therefrom, along which one may go with torches." The "people slain by Moses" refers to a story that appears in both the Bible and the Quran about a man named Korah (Arabic, Karun) who mounted a revolt against Moses and his brother Aaron, maintaining that they had led the children of Israel out of Egypt under false pretences. According to the Old Testament, Korah and his fellow rebels were swallowed up by the earth.</p><br>
<p>The legend that the cave was a hiding place of King Zedekiah (Tzidkiyahu; a Judean king of the 6th century BC) dates back to at least the 11th century AD. At that time, Biblical commentator Rashi wrote that Zedekiah tried to escape from the troops sent by the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar to besiege Jerusalem. (The story was also repeated in the next century by the commentator Radak.) According to Rashi: “There was a cave from the palace of Zedekiah to the plain of Jericho and he fled through the cave." He added that God sent a buck running along the surface on top of the cave as Zedekiah was walking down below. The soldiers chased the buck and arrived at the exit of the cave just as Zedekiah was coming out, enabling them to capture and blind him. Thus was born the legend and name of “Zedekiah&#39;s Cave”.</p><br>
<h2>Significance to Freemasons</h2><br>
<p>A Masonic ceremony was held in the cave in 1868, led by a past grand master of the state of Kentucky. The first Masonic lodge in the Holy Land, known as the Royal Solomon Mother Lodge No. 293, met in the cave on May 7, 1873.</p><br>
<p>The Freemasons of Israel hold an annual ceremony in Zedekiahs Cave, and consider it one of the most revered sites in their history. (Masonic ritual claims that King Solomon was their first Grand Master — and some Freemasons feel that the cave is definitely Solomons quarry.) According to Matti Shelon, head of the Israeli Freemasons, "Since the 1860s we have been holding ceremonies in the cave". According to the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the State of Israel, the site "has special meaning for Mark Master Masons and the Royal Arch Masons in particular". Starting in the days of the British Mandate (1920s), the cave was used for the ceremony of Mark Master Masons. Although this practice was temporarily suspended between the years 1948 and 1968, the impressive ceremony of the consecration of the Supreme Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the State of Israel was commenced again in the spring of 1969, and ever since then the Mark degree has been performed in the caves once a year on average.</p><br>
<p>Knapp Lake is a small natural lake located in western Noble County, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Knapp Lake is directly attached to Little Bause Lake via a channel and Little Knapp Lake on the south and southwest and Moss Lake to the north. Little Bause has development around its shores while Little Knapp is undeveloped. Harper Lake and Gilbert Lake, both undeveloped for the most part form the southern part of the Papakeechie watershed as it flows northward to Lake Wawasee through Moss Lake.</p><br>
<p>The southwest, northeast and north shores comprise the bulk of the homes on the lake. The north shore has five man-made channels. The northwest shore is forested. Farmland surrounds mostly the east and south beyond inhabited areas.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, with the assistance of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, the Wawasee Property Owners Association purchased 13.52 acre of land and wetlands on Knapp Lake and 19.65 acre surrounding Little Knapp Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
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<p>The River Hipper is a tributary of the River Rother in Derbyshire, England. Its source is a large expanse of wetlands, fed by the surrounding moors between Chatsworth and Chesterfield, known as the Hipper Sick on Beeley Moor, which is part of the Chatsworth Estate. It then passes through Holymoorside and down into Chesterfield, just south of the town centre, before flowing into the River Rother. In July 2007 parts of Chesterfield flooded when the River Hipper overtopped its banks during a substantial storm that caused extensive flooding in North Derbyshire and South Yorkshire.</p><br>
<h2>Water Quality</h2><br>
<p>The Environment Agency are responsible for measuring the water quality within each of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated as good or fail.</p><br>
<p>The water quality of the Hipper was as follows in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Smith Hill Historic District is a historic district located in northwestern Providence, Rhode Island, just west of the Rhode Island State House and Interstate 95. It includes 57-65 Brownell Street, 73-114 Holden Street, 23-80 Jewett Street, 189-240 Smith Street and 10-18 W. Park Street. This area is a densely built residential section, an isolated remnant of what was once a larger residential area. Most of the 41 properties are residential units built between 1870 and 1930, and are typically 2-1/2 or 3-1/2 stories in height. They are set on lot sizes ranging generally from 3000 to 5000 square feet, and are set close to the sidewalk. The only major non-residential buildings are St. Patrick&#39;s School at 244 Smith Street and "The Mohican" at 185-189 Smith Street; the latter is an Art Deco brick and concrete commercial block two stories in height.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Providence City Hall is the center of the municipal government in Providence, Rhode Island, and is located at the southwest end of Kennedy Plaza. Built in 1878, Providence City Hall is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>The Need for a City Hall</h2><br>
<h3>Market House</h3><br>
<p>Upon the citys incorporation in 1832, most city business was conducted at the Market House. The City Council, Mayors Office, and Board of Aldermen were located on the second floor; as the city grew, the city spread to the third floor, and eventually took over the entire building, which became known as the "City Building." Before long, even this wasnt enough space, and in 1845 the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building. The community spent the next 30 years searching for a suitable location, because half the Council votes were on the east side of the Providence River, and half the votes were on the west. This resulted in what some historians have referred to as "Providences Thirty Years War," as the council bickered over where to site the new building.</p><br>
<h3>The City Hall Theater</h3><br>
<p>The city purchased several lots for the construction of a new City Hall. Construction was delayed, however, and the land was least to C.N. Harrington, who built a wood frame theater on the site. The theater was notable for lectures, performances and readings that included writer Charles Dickens. In 1869, the building was renamed "Harrington Opera House." In 1874, the structure was closed for demolition.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<h3>"Our Municipal Palace"</h3><br>
<p>An open call for design led to twenty one submissions, and four finalists. Samuel J. F. Thayer&#39;s "Blue Wafer" design was chosen, and he was paid $1000.00USD. The building, modified from its original design, would cost the city $1,000,000.USD. The cornerstone was laid on June 24, 1875. Inaugurated on November 14, 1878, The Providence Journal called the building "Our Municipal Palace."</p><br>
<p>President Teddy Roosevelt spoke on the City Hall steps on August 23, 1902, and John F. Kennedy spoke on November 7, 1960, just before he was elected president. In 2000, Friedrich St. Florian designed outdoor plaques for the building. Haven Brothers Diner, a Rhode Island landmark, is mobile cafe situated east of City Hall every evening.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Mayor Vincent A. Cianci, Jr., historian and preservationist, Antoinette Downing, and art history teacher Eleanore Monahon began efforts to rehabilitate the deteriorating structure, after concerns began to grow about possible demolition. The project was completed in the 1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural details</h2><br>
<p>"The building&#39;s construction is of iron and brick, faced with Westerly granite on the Dorrance and Washington Street sides and New Hampshire granite on the other two sides. The sidewalks are granite blocks, 5 to 6 feet wide and 18 to 20 feet long. The entire structure was built on an artificial foundation set atop 3,128 pilings driven deep into the underlying hardpan."</p><br>
<p>"Four coal-fired boilers of 50 horsepower each provided heat for the building. The boilers also supplied energy to operate a water-powered elevator, capable of carrying up to 50 passengers at one time. The elevator was built with electric bells at each landing so that it could be summoned to the desired floor."</p><br>
<p>In the pre-electricity age, "to keep clocks accurate and uniform, a central control mechanism was installed. It operated in a fashion similar to a grandfather clock, and each morning would be wound up by the janitor. It sent battery powered signals to other clocks in the building. Although the building was wired for electricity shortly after its construction, the clock mechanism remains in place and can be seen in the fifth floor Archives."</p><br>
<p>"The original main floor included a reception room and the office for the City Messenger. His office contained an elaborate array of communication devices, 50 speaking tubes, 50 electric bells and 50 annunciators which connected to all departments. Next to the Messenger&#39;s Office was an ornate reception room, 23 feet by 33 feet, with large mirrors hung at each end of the room. The walls were finished in mahogany and stamped leather."</p><br>
<p>"The fifth floor living quarters for the janitor and his family included a kitchen, parlor, two bedrooms and a bath. The remainder of the fifth floor was used by the City Engineer and for storage. The upper levels of the building are within a high, convex, mansard slate roof that rises above the parallel-eaved parapet. Fashioned into the mansard dome are ornamental bulls-eye dormers."</p><br>
<p>"The mansard roof area is reached by an iron stairway from the fifth floor where, originally, large batteries were stored to generate electricity for the city-wide fire alarm system and for the operation of the clocks and bells in the building. Another flight of stairs led to a higher area in the mansard dome which was also used for storage."</p><br>
<h2>Famous speeches from the steps</h2><br>
<p>One of the features of the tremendous industrial development of the last generation has been the very great increase in private, and especially in corporate, fortunes.... It is not true that the poor have grown poorer; but some of the rich have grown so very much richer that, where multitudes of men are herded together in a limited space, the contrast strikes the onlooker as more violent than formerly. On the whole, our people earn more and live better than ever before, and the progress of which we are so proud could not have taken place had it not been for the up building of industrial centers, such as this in which I am speaking. But together with the good there has come a measure of evil.… Under present-day conditions it is as necessary to have corporations in the business world as it is to have organizations, unions, among wage-workers. We have a right to ask in each case only this: that good, and not harm, shall follow.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Roosevelt (Republican President) "Trust" speech from steps of Providence City Hall toward crowd assembled on Kennedy Plaza – August 23, 1902</p><br>
<p>On other occasions, in other years, this country has elected Republican Presidents and Democratic Presidents. They do it when they make a decision that that party and that candidate will serve a great national purpose. In my judgment and the responsibility ultimately is yours, in my judgment the United States will be best served by a candidate and a party who recognizes the basic issues of our time, and that is that this country has to go back to work again.</p><br>
<p>John F. Kennedy (Democrat candidate for President) speech from steps of Providence City Hall toward crowd assembled on Kennedy Plaza – November 7, 1960, Senate Speech file of the John F. Kennedy Pre-Presidential Papers, John F. Kennedy Library</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<h3>Literature</h3><br>
<p>City Hall is mentioned three times in H. P. Lovecraft&#39;s, "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward."</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Lansing Manor House was built in 1819 by John Lansing, Jr. for his daughter and son-in-law, Jacob Livingston Sutherland. John Lansing, Jr. represented New York as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and the state&#39;s Ratification Convention in 1788.</p><br>
<p>The manor is located in North Blenheim, Schoharie County, New York, adjacent to the Blenheim-Gilboa Visitors Center and Mine Kill State Park.</p><br>
<p>The manor house is a two story, 46-feet square house with a hipped roof. It has brick lined, wood frame construction on the first floor and wood frame on the second. It features a five bay, one story porch along the front facade. Also on the property are: a shed and former summer kitchen, a well and its cover, outhouse, ice house, milk house, barn and silos, a possible guest / tenant house, and several other outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>The manor house was restored by the New York Power Authority in 1977, and is filled with authentic furnishings from the first half of the 19th century. The property, which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a national historic district, is operated by the Power Authority in cooperation with the Schoharie County Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Coventryville Historic District is a historic district and historic village in Chester County, Pennsylvania that occupied a significant role in the early American metal industry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coventryvilles origins lie in the iron forge founded in 1717 by Englishman Samuel Nutt, an early American industrialist and member of Pennsylvanias Assembly in 1723–26. Named for his native home of Coventry, England, Coventry was the first forge in Chester County and was located at the confluence of the north and south branches of French Creek a short distance from rich iron deposits.</p><br>
<p>In 1723, Nutt formed a partnership with Mordecai Lincoln (great-great grandfather of Abraham Lincoln) and expanded the operation to include two furnaces, Warwick and Reading. It was at Reading Furnace that same year that experiments led to the production of early steel.</p><br>
<p>After Nutts death in 1737, Coventry passed to his nephew Samuel Nutt Jr. whose wife, Rebecca Savage inherited the site upon his death. Upon her marriage to Robert Grace, Coventry and Warwick were joined to become Rebecca Nutt and Company. It was Robert Graces close friendship with Benjamin Franklin that led to the popular legend of the Franklin Stove prototyped at Grace&#39;s home, Coventry Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1757, Coventry and Warwick passed to Thomas Potts, Rebecca&#39;s son-in-law and father of John, founder of nearby Pottstown. By the time of the Revolution Coventry had passed his brother Samuel and Thomas Rutter. It was under the Thomas Potts/Rutter ownership that Coventry and Warwick supplied munitions for the Continental Army.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century, Coventry forge was enlarged and re-equipped and much of the present village was constructed. During this time, however, anthracite coal began to replace charcoal as fuel and new techniques for manufacturing iron and steel were developed. Smaller operations like those at Coventry and nearby Hopewell lay far from coal deposits and outside rail transportation centers and declined with only brief peaks in production during the American Civil War. Coventry Forge ceased operations entirely in 1871.</p><br>
<p>The village today consists of structures dating from the early 18th century until the mid 19th including workers housing, the Inn, the ironmaster&#39;s house (Coventry Hall) and the mid 19th century Methodist church. While the realignment of Route 23 to the south of the village in 1959–1960 obliterated a portion of the forge site, the Coventryville Historic District remains an intact concentration of original eighteenth and nineteenth century structures. The community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Musgrove Mill State Historic Site was the site of the Battle of Musgrove Mill, an action in the American Revolutionary War, which occurred on August 19, 1780, near the Enoree River, on what  is the border between Spartanburg, Laurens, and Union Counties in South Carolina, approximately seven miles from Interstate 26.</p><br>
<p>In the August 1780, a group of 200 Patriot militiamen attempted to strike what they thought was an equal number of Loyalists camped near a ford on the Enoree River. The Loyalists, however, had recently been joined by 300 more, two hundred of them provincial regulars from the British post at Ninety Six, South Carolina. Once discovered, the Patriots were unable to either retreat or make a frontal assault. Instead they took up a position behind logs and brush on a nearby ridge and lured the Loyalists into attacking them. A fierce fight ensued and turned into a near rout for the Loyalists. Nevertheless, when the Patriot militia learned that American forces had been defeated three days before at the Battle of Camden, they also retreated.</p><br>
<p>North Carolina Patriot militia leader Col. Isaac Shelby, campaigning to Musgrove Mill from the area of present-day northeast Tennessee, fought at the Battle of Musgrove Mill with a small force of Overmountain Men. After the battle, Shelby and his Overmountain Men returned over the Appalachia Mountains to the Sycamore Shoals (located at present-day Elizabethton, Tennessee). Shelby was one of the Patriot officers mustering weeks later at Sycamore Shoals on September 25, 1780, in advance of the early October 7, 1780 Battle of Kings Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Musgrove Mill battle site was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The park includes a visitor center with interpretive exhibits, a memorial to the legendary Mary Musgrove (featured in a popular early 19th-century novel), two marked trails, a picnic area, a fishing pond, a canoe launch, and a small waterfall.</p><br>
<p>The Stadium Theatre, part of the "Stadium Building and Theatre," is an historic movie theater and concert venue and commercial building at 329 Main Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The complex consists of two connected sections, one housing the theater, the other offices, both with retail spaces on the ground floor. The theater was designed by Perry and Whipple of Providence and built in 1926. Initial funding came from Mrs. Norbert Champeau, a widow with interest in the theater, but the project was soon taken over by Arthur I. Darman, a local industrialist. Although it lacked the opulence of theaters in larger cities, it was one of the most elaborately decorated performance spaces in Woonsocket.</p><br>
<p>The venue was closed from the 1970s to 1991, but reopened in 2001. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Woonsocket City Hall,  is located at 169 Main Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>Edward Harris, a leading Woonsocket industrialist, constructed the earliest part of the building in 1856, and it was known as the Harris Block, with stores on the first floor, and an auditorium hall seating 1,100 on the third floor. This brick structure has elements of Italianate styling, including round-arch windows and a heavily dentilled cornice. A major Richardsonian Romanesque addition was made to the rear of this structure in 1891. In 1902 the city purchased the building for use as city hall.</p><br>
<p>The building served as the first public library in Rhode Island, housed on the second floor, which is now the Woonsocket Harris Public Library.</p><br>
<p>In March 1860 Abraham Lincoln spoke to a packed crowd in Harris Hall, which at the time contained one of the largest assembly rooms in the state.</p><br>
